http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4747-9779
Figures
Abstract
Background
Rickettsia felis has recently emerged worldwide as a cause of human illness. Typically causing mild, undifferentiated fever, it has been implicated in several cases of non-fatal neurological disease in Mexico and Sweden. Its distribution and pathogenicity in Southeast Asia is poorly understood.
Methodology/Principal findings
We retroactively tested cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or sera from 64 adult patients admitted to hospital in North Sulawesi, Indonesia with acute neurological disease. Rickettsia felis DNA was identified in the CSF of two fatal cases of meningoencephalitis using multi-locus sequence typing semi-nested PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. DNA from both cases had 100% sequence homologies to the R. felis reference strain URRWXCal2 for the 17-kDa and ompB genes, and 99.91% to gltA.
Conclusion/Significance
The identification of R. felis in the CSF of two fatal cases of meningoencephalitis in Indonesia suggests the distribution and pathogenicity of this emerging vector-borne bacteria might be greater than generally recognized. Typically Rickettsia are susceptible to the tetracyclines and greater knowledge of R. felis endemicity in Indonesia should lead to better management of some acute neurological cases.
Author summary
Rickettsia felis is a flea-borne bacteria that has recently emerged worldwide as a cause of disease. Little is known about its distribution or details of transmission but typically it has been described as causing mild, self-limiting, febrile illness. It has, however, been incriminated in Mexico and Sweden of causing acute neurological disease. We report from North Sulawesi, Indonesia evidence that R. felis caused or contributed to the death of two adult men admitted to hospital with progressive meningoencephalitis. One case was a farmer and the other was an itinerant urban salesman. DNA unique to R. felis was identified in the patients’ cerebrospinal fluid using Sanger sequencing techniques. No other potential pathogens were found. These appear to be the first possible cases of fatal R. felis reported. Because rickettsial infections can usually be quickly, cheaply, and effectively treated with doxycycline and related tetracylines, it is important for clinicians in the region to consider using these antibiotics to treat suspect cases presumptively.
Citation: Mawuntu AHP, Johar E, Anggraeni R, Feliana F, Bernadus JBB, Safari D, et al. (2020) Rickettsia felis identified in two fatal cases of acute meningoencephalitis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14(2): e0007893. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007893
Editor: Abdallah M. Samy, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University (ASU), EGYPT
Received: August 8, 2019; Accepted: October 31, 2019; Published: February 18, 2020
This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript, except DNA sequences (accession number MK820604, MK820605, MK820606, MK820607, MK820608, MK820609). The sequences are deposited in the GenBank database, and it will be publicly available after acceptance.
Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia; Sam Ratulangi University Medical Faculty; and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. KSAM was awarded a grant (5U18CK000443-05-00). The funding institutions did not participate in study design, data collection or analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the funding agencies.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Rickettsia felis was first identified as a R. typhi-like organism in the midgut epithelium of a commercial colony of cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis [1]. Although reactive to R. typhi antibody, it was subsequently shown to be genomically distinct [2, 3]. It is naturally passaged generationally in fleas and has been found in a variety of other arthropods, including mosquitoes, but the exact mechanisms of transmission, including the possible role of vertebrate reservoirs, are still unclear [4].
Since the description of the first human case in 1994 [5] R. felis has been increasingly identified worldwide as a cause of disease [6–8]. Typically, it presents as a mild, febrile illness that can be syndromically confused with many other undifferentiated fevers, especially in Africa and Asia, where diagnostic resources are limited. Neurological involvement has been reported in several cases in Mexico [9] and Sweden [10, 11] but not deaths. In this report we describe the identification of R. felis from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of two fatal cases of acute neurological disease in North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Materials and methods
Ethical approvals
This study was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of R.D. Kandou General Hospital (Ethical Approval No. 066/EC-UPKT/III/2016) and Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology Research Ethics Commission (Ethical Approval No. 127). All patients or guardians provided written informed consent.
Case characterization and specimen collection
Testing for Rickettsia was done retroactively on specimens collected from cases of acute neurological disease suspected to have infectious etiologies. Criteria for case enrollment and specimen collection have been detailed earlier [12]. Briefly, CSF or serum samples were tested from 64 patients aged >15 years admitted to R. D. Kandou General Hospital, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia—a tertiary referral hospital—during August 2015 to February 2017 with suspected central nervous system (CNS) infection. There were 10 patients with CSF and serum samples, 28 with CSF only, and 26 with serum only. Enrollees had acute onset (≤ 7 days) of fever (axillary temperature >37.5˚C) prior to admission and at least one of the following: altered mental state, seizures, focal neurological findings, or neck stiffness. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status was determined at admission. CSF samples were tested for Cryptococcus neoformans (CrAg LFA, IMMY, USA) and Gram stain positive/negative bacteria. In previously reported testing, 14 of 74 cases had molecular or serological evidence of viral infection, including herpes simplex, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, enterovirus, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis [12].
Molecular testing and interpretation
Cryopreserved samples of CSF and serum were tested for Leptospira spp., O. tsutsugamushi, and Rickettsia spp. DNA was extracted from 38 CSF and 36 serum samples using QIAamp DNA Blood mini kit (QIAGEN, Germany), according to manufacturer instructions. Elution volume was 60 μL. Samples were screened for Leptospira, O. tsutsugamushi, and Rickettsia using real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting lipL32, 47-kDa and 23S rRNA genes, respectively [13–15]. For Leptospira qPCR, a 25 μL qPCR reaction, containing 1x PerfeCTa qPCR ToughMix (Quantabio, USA), 0.9 μM primers, 0.15 μM probe, and 5 μL template DNA. The thermal cycling conditions were incubation for 3 minutes at 95°C, followed by 45 cycles of two-step amplification at 95°C for 15 seconds, and 60°C for 1 minute. For O. tsutsugamushi and Rickettsia qPCR, a 25 μL qPCR reaction, containing 1x PerfeCTa MultiPlex qPCR SuperMix (Quantabio, USA), 0.1 μM primers, 0.2 μM probe, and 5 μL template DNA. The thermal cycling conditions were incubation for 8 minutes at 95°C, followed by 45 cycles of two-step amplification at 95°C for 15 seconds, and 60°C for 1 minute. Fluorescence intensity was read during the 60°C annealing/extension step. A Ct value ≤ 40 was considered positive for Leptospira, O. tsutsugamushi, or Rickettsia. All qPCR experiments were run on 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System with the fast ramp speed feature enabled (Applied Biosystems, USA).
Rickettsia positive specimens were confirmed using multi-locus sequence typing semi-nested PCR targeting the 17-kDa (R17k31F, R17k469R, R17k2608R), ompB (RompB3503F, RompB4293R, RompB4246R), and gltA (CS49F, CS1234R, CS1273R) genes [16–18]. No positive control was included in the semi-nested PCR to avoid specimen contamination. First amplification round was performed on a 25 μL reaction containing 1x GoTaq Green Master Mix (Promega, USA), 0.3 μM primers, and 3 μL template DNA. The thermal cycling conditions were 2 minutes at 95°C followed by 40 cycles of amplification at 95°C for 30 seconds, 54°C for 30 seconds, and 72°C for 1.5 minutes, and final extension at 72°C for 5 minutes. Two microliters of the resulting product was used for second round amplification in a 25 μL reaction containing 1x GoTaq Green Master Mix and 0.3 μM primers. The thermal cycling conditions were the same as the first round amplification for each gene, except the amplification cycle were reduced to 35 cycles for the reaction with 17-kDa or gltA specific primer, and 25 cycles for the reaction with ompB specific primer. Reactions were run on agarose gels and DNA fragments that were excised and purified using QIAquick gel extraction kit according to manufacturer instruction (QIAGEN, Germany).
DNA sequencing was performed using BigDye™ Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing kit, following manufacturer protocol (Applied Biosystems, USA) on 3500XL genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA), and compared to banked specimens using NCBI BLAST. Sequences were deposited in GenBank: 17-kDa (Accession no. MK820604, MK820607), ompB (Accession no. MK820606, MK820609), and gltA (Accession no. MK820605, MK820608).
Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis were performed using CLC Genomics Workbench version 9.5.2 (QIAGEN, Germany). Phylogenetic tree construction was started using neighbor joining algorithm. Kimura 80 was used as the nucleotide substitution model. Maximum likelihood model with 1,000 bootstrap replications was used to estimate genetic relationships.
Results
Molecular testing
Thirty-eight CSF and 36 serum samples met volume and condition criteria for PCR testing. All CSF and serum samples were negative for Leptospira and O. tsutsugamushi by qPCR. Two of 38 CSF samples (patients E-059 and E-063) were, however, positive for Rickettsia DNA as determined by genus-specific 23S rRNA qPCR. Insufficient sera were available from these two cases for Rickettsia PCR. In order to determine the species of Rickettsia, semi-nested PCR targeting the 17-kDa, ompB, and gltA genes in the CSF samples was done. Results were consistent with only Rickettsia felis (Table 1). Amplicons were confirmed to be R. felis by Sanger sequencing (Figs 1–3). Sequence homologies between Case 1 (patient E-059) and Case 2 (patient E-063) of 17-kDa, ompB, and gltA were, respectively, 100%, 100%, and 99.91%. The 17-kDa and ompB sequences were 100% identical to the R. felis reference strain URRWXCal2 [3], and gltA was 99.91% homologous.
Gene fragment size was 381 bp. Bootstrap percentages (≥60%) are shown on internal branches. Label indicates Rickettsia species / accession number. The scale bar represents the number of nucleotide substitution per site.
Gene fragment size was 642 bp. Bootstrap percentages (≥60%) are shown on internal branches. Label indicates Rickettsia species / accession number. The scale bar represents the number of nucleotide substitution per site.
Gene fragment size was 1,060 bp. Bootstrap percentages (≥60%) are shown on internal branches. Label indicates Rickettsia species / accession number. The scale bar represents the number of nucleotide substitution per site.
Case histories
Both patients positive for R. felis DNA were males > 30 years who lived in or near Manado (Coordinates: 1°29’35” N and 124°50’29” E). Detailed clinical manifestations and laboratory data are presented in Table 2. Both presented at admission with acute onset of high-grade fever. Case 1 was an itinerant urban salesman; and Case 2 was a farmer with pre-existing HIV and tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, (TB) infections. Case 1 had 4 days history of decreased consciousness preceded by a week of fluctuating bilateral headache. A computerized tomography scan indicated meningeal enhancement and he was found to have CSF mononuclear pleocytosis. Chest x-ray was normal. Case 2 presented initially with normal consciousness and was treated for a lung infection and polyneuropathy; his consciousness began to decrease 2 days post- admission and his fever spiked. This patient was negative for Cryptococcus using the lateral flow immunoassay. His chest radiography indicated pleural infiltrations. Computerized tomography scan of his brain was not done. There was no clinical evidence at his admission for either increased intracranial pressure or cranial palsies. Blood cultures were negative for both cases. TB meningitis was initially suspected for both cases but neither CSF was positive by acid-fast bacilli stain and neither responded to presumptive TB treatment. Capacity to culture TB at the hospital was not available. Neither patient was noted on the charts to have skin rash, eschar, or regional lymphadenopathy. No pre-admission histories were available for antibiotic administration or exposure to fleas or ticks. Retroactive testing for virus was negative for both [12].
Discussion
Rickettsia felis is increasingly recognized as a human pathogen, often causing febrile illness clinically indistinguishable from many viral or bacterial infections [6]. In this study, CSF and serum specimens preserved from 64 hospitalized patients with apparent CNS infections were screened for Rickettsia DNA; and R. felis DNA was recovered from the CSF specimens of two fatal cases. Although no other pathogens were detected in the CSF or blood, we cannot definitively incriminate R. felis as the sole cause of death. Case 2 had a history of treatment for HIV and TB; both cases were presumptively treated for TB after admission. CSF from both were negative by acid-fast bacilli staining; culture and molecular testing for TB were not available at the hospital. Because neither case responded to standard TB therapy for the region, the possibility of an alternate etiology was considered. Hypoglycorrhachia, present in both cases, as well as lymphocytic pleocytosis and increased protein, in Case 1, have been noted in rickettsial infections [19].
R. felis has been reported as a cause of neurological disease in Mexico [9] and Sweden [10, 11], where it has been identified from CSF. It has also been identified from the CSF of three cases in Laos, each of whom had significant comorbidities, which could have been the principal causes of symptoms [20]. Those cases survived, but fatal neuropathogenicity can be a complication of murine typhus (R. typhi) and scrub typhus (O. tsutsugamushi) [19, 21]. Clinically, rickettsial infections can be difficult to distinguish from other causes of acute fever. Platelet counts are often normal [10, 22] and classical signs, such as rash or eschar, are often absent or difficult to detect [11, 21]. Diagnosis is further complicated by the limitations of laboratory assays. Because Rickettsia invade endothelial cells, DNA is typically scarce in sera or CSF [23]. Complete pre-admission treatment histories were not known for any of the cases tested.
Although pathogenic Rickettsia species are typically vector-borne and R. felis was originally isolated from cat fleas, its mode of transmission to humans is not certain. It has been found in a variety of arthropod species, including some, like book lice, that are not blood-feeding and others, like mosquitoes, not proven to transmit Rickettsia [4, 24]. It is unknown if vertebrate reservoirs contribute to its transmission cycle; the bacterium is transovarially and transstadially maintained in fleas. Taxonomically, R. felis does not fit neatly into either the traditional TG or SFG and is now considered to be part of a third, transitional group [6–8]. It has a large, complex genome and phylogenetically forms a cluster with a number of recently described “R. felis-like organisms”, not all of whose members may be pathogens [8]. The Indonesian amplicons were, however, 100% identical to the R. felis type genome, URRWXCal2, at the 17-kDa (Rickettsia genus-specific external membrane) and ompB (outer membrane B) genes, and at all but one base at the gltA (citrate synthase) gene. The conditions of testing make it unlikely the positives were the result of contamination. Testing was done in a laboratory that had never previously worked with R. felis or arthropods; no positive controls were present. There has been a report of R. felis being detected on the skin of healthy West Africans [25]; regardless of how this could be, our procedures for lumbar puncture and testing would make skin contamination from the patients or medical personnel highly unlikely.
Until more is known about the epidemiology of R. felis, little useful can be surmised about relative risk. Scrub typhus, murine typhus, and R. felis have been described in Indonesia, mostly from vertebrates and arthropods [26]. One of the positive Indonesian cases was a farmer and the other dwelt in the city; both are environments that could be conducive to flea-borne transmission. Rickettsial disease, in general, appears to be substantially underreported in Southeast Asia [21, 27] and the relative importance of R. felis, specifically, is unknown. In localities where incidence is suspected to be high the possibility of rickettsial infection in acute neurological disease should be included in clinical evaluations, especially considering the benefits of early empirical treatment. Until capacity for accurate diagnostic testing is much more widespread, however, patient care in the endemic areas will be seriously hindered.
Acknowledgments
We thank the patients and their families for agreeing to participate, the staff of R. D. Kandou Hospital for their support, and Daniel Pastula for reviewing the manuscript. We would also like to thank Ungke Anton Jaya and Ida Chung for their support in rickettsial disease testing.
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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