Discovery of anticancer agents of diverse natural origin

A. Douglas Kinghorn; Esperanza J. Carcache de Blanco; Hee-Byung Chai; Jimmy Orjala; Norman R. Farnsworth; D. Doel Soejarto; Nicholas H. Oberlies; Mansukh C. Wani; David J. Kroll; Cedric J. Pearce; Steven M. Swanson; Robert A. Kramer; William C. Rose; Craig R. Fairchild; Gregory D. Vite; Stuart Emanuel; David Jarjoura; Frederick O. Cope

doi:10.1351/PAC-CON-08-10-16

Publicly Available Published by De Gruyter October 31, 2013

Discovery of anticancer agents of diverse natural origin

A. Douglas Kinghorn , Esperanza J. Carcache de Blanco , Hee-Byung Chai , Jimmy Orjala , Norman R. Farnsworth , D. Doel Soejarto , Nicholas H. Oberlies , Mansukh C. Wani , David J. Kroll , Cedric J. Pearce , Steven M. Swanson , Robert A. Kramer , William C. Rose , Craig R. Fairchild , Gregory D. Vite , Stuart Emanuel , David Jarjoura and Frederick O. Cope

From the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry

https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-CON-08-10-16

Abstract

A collaborative multidisciplinary research project is described in which new natural product anticancer drug leads are obtained from a diverse group of organisms, constituted by tropical plants, aquatic cyanobacteria, and filamentous fungi. Information is provided on how these organisms are collected and processed. The types of bioassays are indicated in which crude extracts of these acquisitions are tested. Progress made in the isolation of lead bioactive secondary metabolites from three tropical plants is discussed.

Keywords: anticancer activity; cyanobacteria; fungi; natural products; plants

Conference

International Conference on Biodiversity and Natural Products (ICOB-6 & ISCNP-26), International Conference on Biodiversity, International Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, ICOB, ISCNP, Biodiversity, Natural Products, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada, 2008-07-13–2008-07-18

References

1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2008, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (2008).Search in Google Scholar

2. B. Stewart, P. Kleihues (Eds.). World Cancer Report (World Health Organization, International Agency for Cancer Research), IARC Press, Lyon (2003).Search in Google Scholar

3. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(01)00486-7, D. M. Parkin. Lancet Oncol. 2, 533 (2001).Search in Google Scholar

4. B. A. Chabner, P. C. Amrein, B. Druker, M. D. Michaelson, C. S. Mitsiades, P. E. Gross, D. P. Ryan, S. Ramachandra, P. G. Richardson, J. G. Supko, W. H. Wilson. In Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th ed., L. L. Brunton, J. S. Laso, K. L. Parker (Eds.), pp. 1315-1403, McGraw-Hill, New York (2005).Search in Google Scholar

5. V. T. DeVita, S. Hellman, S. A. Rosenberg (Eds.). Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 8th ed., Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia (2008).Search in Google Scholar

6. doi:10.2174/1568009013334269, P. Workman. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 1, 33 (2001).Search in Google Scholar

7. G. M. Cragg, D. G. I. Kingston, D. J. Newman (Eds.). Anticancer Agents from Natural Products, CRC Press, Boca Raton (2005).10.1201/9781420039658Search in Google Scholar

8. doi:10.1039/b402985m, M. S. Butler. Nat. Prod. Rep. 22, 162 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

9. doi:10.1021/np068054v, D. J. Newman, G. M. Cragg. J. Nat. Prod. 70, 461 (2007).Search in Google Scholar

10. doi:10.1039/b514294f, M. S. Butler. Nat. Prod. Rep. 25, 475 (2008).Search in Google Scholar

11. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990301)38:5<643::AID-ANIE643>3.0.CO;2-G, T. Henkel, R. M. Brunne, H. Miller, F. Reichel. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 38, 643 (1999).Search in Google Scholar

12. doi:10.1021/ci0200467, M. Feher, J. M. Schmidt. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 43, 218 (2003).Search in Google Scholar

13. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2004.04.011, J.-Y. Ortholand, A. Ganesan. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 8, 271 (2004).Search in Google Scholar

14. D. G. I. Kingston, D. J. Newman. Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Devel. 5, 304 (2002).Search in Google Scholar

15. doi:10.1351/pac199971091611, A. D. Kinghorn, N. R. Farnsworth, D. D. Soejarto, G. A. Cordell, J. M. Pezzuto, G. O. Udeani, M. C. Wani, M. E. Wall, H. A. Navarro, R. A. Kramer, A. T. Menendez, C. R. Fairchild, K. E. Lane, D. M. Vyas, K. S. Lam, Y.-Z. Shu. Pure Appl. Chem. 71, 1611 (1999).Search in Google Scholar

16. doi:10.1080/1388020039051744, A. D. Kinghorn, N. R. Farnsworth, D. D. Soejarto, G. A. Cordell, S. M. Swanson, J. M. Pezzuto, M. C. Wani, M. E. Wall, N. C. Oberlies, D. J. Kroll, R. A. Kramer, W. C. Rose, G. D. Vite, C. R. Fairchild, R. W. Peterson, R. Wild. Pharm. Biol. 41 (Suppl.), 53 (2003).Search in Google Scholar

17. doi:10.1021/np030420c, G. M. Cragg, D. J. Newman. J. Nat. Prod. 67, 232 (2004).Search in Google Scholar

18. W. Gerwick, L. T. Tan, N. Sitachitta. In The Alkaloids, Vol. 57, G. A. Cordell (Ed.), pp. 75-184, Academic Press, San Diego (2001).10.1016/S0099-9598(01)57003-0Search in Google Scholar

19. doi:10.1038/nature03194, J. Clardy, C. Walsh. Nature 432, 829 (2004).Search in Google Scholar

20. doi:10.1080/07388550500248498, S. Singh, B. N. Kato, U. C. Banerjee. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 25, 735 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

21. H. Sielaff, G. Christiansen, T. Schwecke. IDrugs 9, 119 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

22. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00022.x, M. Welker, H. von Dohren. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 30, 530 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

23. doi:10.1021/cb6004678, J. Rohr. ACS Chem. Biol. 1, 747 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

24. G. Harigan, H. Luesch, R. E. Moore, V. J. Paul. In Special Publication No. 257 (Biodiversity), pp. 126-139, Royal Society of Chemistry, London (2000).Search in Google Scholar

25. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00530.x, G. M. L. Patterson, C. L. Baldwin, C. M. Bolis, F. R. Caplan, H. Karuso, L. K. Larsen, I. A. Levine, R. E. Moore, C. S. Nelson, K. D. Tschappat, E. Furusawa, S. Furusawa, T. R. Norton, R. B. Raybourne. J. Phycol. 27, 530 (1991).Search in Google Scholar

26. K. Sulkowska-Ziaja, B. Muszynska, G. Konska. Acta Pol. Pharm. 62, 153 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

27. doi:10.1006/cbir.1993.1054, B. Satiat-Jeunemaitre, C. Hawes. Cell Biol. Int. 17, 183 (1993).Search in Google Scholar

28. T. Udagawa, J. Yuan, D. Panigrahy, Y. J. Chang, J. Shah, R. J. D'Amato. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 294, 421 (2000).Search in Google Scholar

29. doi:10.1007/BF02975182, H. J. Lee, J. H. Lee, B. Y. Hwang, H. S. Kim, J. J. Lee. Arch. Pharm. Res. 24, 397 (2001).Search in Google Scholar

30. doi:10.1007/s10637-008-9113-8, M. J. Keiner, T. C. McMorris, R. K. Rojas, L. A. Estes, P. Suthipinijtham. Inv. New Drugs 26, 407 (2008).Search in Google Scholar

31. T. G. McCloud, P. A. Klueh, K. C. Pearl, L. K. Carter, G. M. Mushik, K. K. Poole. Nat. Prod. Lett. 9, 87 (1996).Search in Google Scholar

32. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0050, T. J. Turbyville, E. M. K. Wijeratne, L. Whitesell, A. A. L. Gunatilaka. Mol. Cancer Ther. 4, 1569 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

33. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(00)89056-8, M. Ui, T. Okada, K. Hazeki, O. Hazeki. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20, 303 (1995).Search in Google Scholar

34. M. Kusaka, K. Sudo, E. Matsutani, Y. Kozai, S. Marui, T. Fujita, D. Ingber, J. Folkman. Br. J. Cancer 69, 212 (1994).10.1038/bjc.1994.41Search in Google Scholar

35. doi:10.1038/nm1002, R. Satchi-Fainaro, M. Puder, J. W. Davies, H. T. Tran, D. A. Sampson, A. K. Greene, G. Corfas, J. Folkman. Nat. Med. 10, 255 (2004).Search in Google Scholar

36. doi:10.1126/science.1055873, D. F. R. P. Burslem, N. C. Garwood, S. C. Thomas. Science 291, 606 (2001).Search in Google Scholar

37. doi:10.1038/35002501, N. Myers, R. A. Mittermeier, G. A. B. Da Fonseca, J. Kent. Nature (London) 403, 853 (2000).Search in Google Scholar

38. doi:10.1126/science.298.5595.989, N. C. A. Pitman, P. M. Jorgensen. Science 298, 989 (2002).Search in Google Scholar

39. R. Mendelsohn, M. J. Balick. Econ. Bot. 49, 223 (1995).Search in Google Scholar

40. A. Artuso. Drugs of Natural Origin. Economic and Policy Aspects of Discovery, Development, and Marketing, Pharmaceutical Products Press, New York (1997).Search in Google Scholar

41. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200690092, M. J. Balunas, W. P. Jones, Y.-W. Chin, Q. Mi, N. R. Farnsworth, D. D. Soejarto, G. A. Cordell, S. M. Swanson, J. M. Pezzuto, H.-B. Chai, A. D. Kinghorn. Chem. Biodivers. 3, 897 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

42. M. E. Wall, M. C. Wani, D. M. Brown, F. Fullas, J. B. Oswald, F. F. Josephson, N. M. Thornton, J. M. Pezzuto, C. W. W. Beecher, N. R. Farnsworth, G. A. Cordell, A. D. Kinghorn. Phytomedicine 3, 281 (1996).10.1016/S0944-7113(96)80067-5Search in Google Scholar

43. W. P. Jones, H.-B. Chai, Q. Mi, N. R. Farnsworth, S. M. Swanson, G. A. Cordell, A. D. Kinghorn. 44th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Pharmacognosy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, Abstract P-231, 12-16 July (2003).Search in Google Scholar

44. doi:10.1021/cc0498940, R. A. Kautz, W. Goetzinger, B. L. Karger. J. Comb. Chem. 7, 14 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

45. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80810-1, D. L. Hawkesworth. Mycol. Res. 95, 641 (1991).Search in Google Scholar

46. doi:10.1021/np0103158, E. K. Seo, N.-C. Kim, Q. Mi, H. Chai, M. E. Wall, M. C. Wani, H. A. Navarro, J. P. Burgess, J. G. Graham, F. Cabieses, G. T. Tan, N. R. Farnsworth, J. M. Pezzuto, A. D. Kinghorn. J. Nat. Prod. 64, 1483 (2001).Search in Google Scholar

47. F. Q. Alali, K. Tawaha, T. El-Elimat, R. Qasaymeh, C. Li, J. Burgess, Y. Nakanishi, D. J. Kroll, M. C. Wani, N. H. Oberlies. Nat. Prod. Res., Part A: Struct. Synth. 20, 558 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

48. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90506-5, D. Thanos, T. Maniatis. Cell 80, 529 (1995).Search in Google Scholar

49. doi:10.1016/S0898-6568(98)00019-9, E. S. Masuda, R. Imamura, Y. Amasaki, K. Arai, N. Arai. Cell. Signalling 10, 599 (1998).Search in Google Scholar

50. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.44.28897, G. J. F. Ding, P. A. Fischer, R. C. Boltz, J. A. Schmidt, J. J. Colaianne, A. Gough, R. A. Rubin, D. K. Miller. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 28897 (1998).Search in Google Scholar

51. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206373200, G. Nowak. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 43377 (2002).Search in Google Scholar

52. doi:10.1038/nature01075, S. Varambally, S. M. Dhanasekaran, M. Zhou, T. R. Barrette, C. Kumar-Sinha, M. G. Sanda, D. Ghosh, K. J. Pienta, R. G. Sewalt, A. P. Otte, M. A. Rubin, A. M. Chinnaiyan. Nature 419, 624 (2002).Search in Google Scholar

53. doi:10.1073/pnas.1933744100, C. G. Kleer, Q. Cao, S. Varambally, R. Shen, I. Ota, S. A. Tomlins, D. Ghosh, R. G. Sewalt, A. P. Otte, D. F. Hayes, M. S. Sabel, D. Livant, S. J. Weiss, M. A. Rubin, A. M. Chinnaiyan. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 11606 (2003).Search in Google Scholar

54. doi:10.1002/jcb.20532, M. Dokmanovic, P. A. Marks. J. Cell. Biochem. 96, 293 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

55. doi:10.2174/1568011054866946, O. Moradei, C. R. Maroun, I. Paquin, A. Vaisburg. Curr. Med. Chem. Anticancer Agents 5, 529 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

56. doi:10.1016/S1471-4914(02)02315-8, J. Adams. Trends Mol. Med. 8 (Suppl.), S49 (2002).Search in Google Scholar

57. doi:10.1021/np040134g, B. N. Su, B. Y. Hwang, H. Chai, E. J. Carcache-Blanco, L. B. S. Kardono, J. J. Afriastini, S. Riswan, R. Wild, N. Laing, N. R. Farnsworth, G. A. Cordell, S. M. Swanson, A. D. Kinghorn. J. Nat. Prod. 67, 1911 (2004).Search in Google Scholar

58. doi:10.1093/jnci/86.24.1846, J. J. Casciari, M. G. Hollingshead, M. C. Alley, J. G. Mayo, L. Malspeis, S. Miyauchi, M. R. Grever, J. N. Weinstein. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86, 1846 (1994).Search in Google Scholar

59. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(95)00254-4, M. G. Hollingshead, M. C. Alley, R. F. Camalier, B. J. Abbott, J. G. Mayo, L. Malspeis, M. R. Grever. Life Sci. 57, 131 (1995).Search in Google Scholar

60. L. A. Hall, C. M. Krauthauser, R. S. Wexler, M. G. Hollingshead, A. M. Slee, J. S. Kerr. Anticancer Res. 20, 903 (2000).Search in Google Scholar

61. doi:10.1021/np010322w, Q. Mi, D. Lantvit, E. Reyes-Lim, H. Chai, W. Zhao, I.-S. Lee, S. Peraza-Sanchez, O. Ngassapa, L. B. S. Kardono, S. Riswan, M. G. Hollingshead, J. G. Mayo, N. R. Farnsworth, G. A. Cordell, A. D. Kinghorn, J. M. Pezzuto. J. Nat. Prod. 65, 842 (2002).Search in Google Scholar

62. W. C. Rose, J. E. Schurig, J. B. Meeker. Anticancer Res. 8, 355 (1988).Search in Google Scholar

63. W. C. Rose, G. A. Basler. In Vivo 4, 391 (1991).Search in Google Scholar

64. doi:10.1007/BF00685835, W. C. Rose, A. R. Crosswell, J. E. Schurig, A. M. Casazza. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 32, 197 (1993).Search in Google Scholar

65. doi:10.1002/ddr.430340203, M. R. Boyd, K. D. Paull. Drug Devel. Res. 34, 91 (1995).Search in Google Scholar

66. doi:10.1038/nrc1951, R. H. Shoemaker. Nature Rev. Cancer 6, 813 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

67. doi:10.1021/np000058r, B.-N. Zhou, J. M. Hoch, R. K. Johnson, M. R. Mattern, W.-K. Eng, J. Ma, S. M. Hecht, D. J. Newman, D. G. I. Kingston. J. Nat. Prod. 63, 1273 (2000).Search in Google Scholar

68. doi:10.1080/13880200390517779, Y. F. Hallock, G. M. Cragg. Pharm. Biol. 41 (Suppl.), 78 (2003).Search in Google Scholar

69. doi:10.1021/np980300i, W. W. Harding, C. E. Henry, P. A. Lewis, H. Jacobs, S. McLean, W. F. Reynolds. J. Nat. Prod. 62, 98 (1999).Search in Google Scholar

70. doi:10.1021/np070005a, S. S. Phifer, D. Lee, E.-K. Seo, N.-C. Kim, T. N. Graf, D. J. Kroll, H. A. Navarro, R. A. Izydore, F. Jimenez, R. Garcia, W. C. Rose, C. R. Fairchild, R. Wild, D. D. Soejarto, N. R. Farnsworth, A. D. Kinghorn, N. H. Oberlies, M. E. Wall, M. C. Wani. J. Nat. Prod. 70, 954 (2007).Search in Google Scholar

71. Q. Mi, D. Lantvit, E. Reyes-Lim, H. Chai, S. S. Phifer, M. C. Wani, M. E. Wall, G. T. Tan, G. A. Cordell, N. R. Farnsworth, A. D. Kinghorn, J. M. Pezzuto. Anticancer Res. 25, 779 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

72. doi:10.1002/1522-2675(20001108)83:11<2939::AID-HLCA2939>3.0.CO;2-N, J. Heilmann, S. Mayr, R. Brun, T. Rali, O. Sticher. Helv. Chim. Acta 83, 1281 (2000).Search in Google Scholar

73. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00174-1, J. Heilmann, R. Brun, S. Mayr, T. Rali, O. Sticher. Phytochemistry 57, 1281 (2001).Search in Google Scholar

74. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.09.146, E. Falomir, P. Alvarez-Bercedo, M. Carda, J. A. Marco. Tetrahedron Lett. 46, 8407 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

75. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2006.07.076, P. Alvarez-Bercedo, E. Falomir, M. Carda, J. A. Marco. Tetrahedron 62, 9641 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

76. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.01.017, A. A. Salim, B.-N. Su, H.-B. Chai, S. Riswan, L. B. S. Kardono, A. Ruskandi, N. R. Farnsworth, S. M. Swanson, A. D. Kinghorn. Tetrahedron Lett. 48, 1849 (2007).Search in Google Scholar

77. doi:10.1021/np070584j, Y.-W. Chin, A. A. Salim, B.-N. Su, Q. Mi, H.-B. Chai, S. Riswan, L. B. S. Kardono, A. Ruskandi, N. R. Farnsworth, S. M. Swanson, A. D. Kinghorn. J. Nat. Prod. 71, 390 (2008).Search in Google Scholar

78. doi:10.1021/jm8007322, M. Peuchmaur, N. Saidani, C. Botte, E. Marechal, H. Vial, Y.-S. Wong. J. Med. Chem. 51, 4870 (2008).Search in Google Scholar

79. (a) doi:10.1021/jo040120f, B. Y. Hwang, B.-N. Su, H. Chai, Q. Mi, L. B. S. Kardono, J. J. Afriastini, S. Riswan, B. D. Santarsiero, A. D. Mesecar, C. R. Fairchild, R. Wild, G. R. Vite, W. C. Rose, N. R. Farnsworth, G. A. Cordell, J. M. Pezzuto, S. M. Swanson, A. D. Kinghorn. J. Org. Chem. 69, 3350 (2004);Search in Google Scholar

79. (b) doi:10.1021/jo040008h, Erratum: B. Y. Hwang, B.-N. Su, H. Chai, Q. Mi, L. B. S. Kardono, J. J. Afriastini, S. Riswan, B. D. Santarsiero, A. D. Mesecar, C. R. Fairchild, R. Wild, G. R. Vite, W. C. Rose, N. R. Farnsworth, G. A. Cordell, J. M. Pezzuto, S. M. Swanson, A. D. Kinghorn. J. Org. Chem. 69, 6156 (2004).Search in Google Scholar

80. doi:10.2174/1385272013375049, P. Proksch, R.-A. Edrada, R. Ebel, F. I. Bohnenstengel, B. W. Nugroho. Curr. Org. Chem. 5, 923 (2001).Search in Google Scholar

81. doi:10.2174/187152006777698123, S. Kim, A. A. Salim, S. M. Swanson, A. D. Kinghorn. Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 6, 319 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

82. doi:10.1021/np960346g, T. Ohse, S. Ohba, T. Yamamoto, T. Koyano, K. Umezawa. J. Nat. Prod. 59, 650 (1996).Search in Google Scholar

83. F. I. Bohnenstengel, K. G. Steube, C. Meyer, H. Quentmeier, B. W. Nugroho, P. Proksch. Z. Naturforsch., C: Biosci. 54, 1075 (1999).Search in Google Scholar

84. doi:10.1016/S0009-2797(98)00073-8, S. K. Lee, B. Cui, R. R. Mehta, A. D. Kinghorn, J. M. Pezzuto. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 115, 215 (1998).Search in Google Scholar

85. doi:10.1074/jbc.M208003200, B. Baumann, F. Bohnenstengel, D. Siegmund, H. Wajant, C. Weber, I. Herr, K. M. Debatin, P. Proksch, T. Wirth. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 44791 (2002).Search in Google Scholar

86. doi:10.1021/np0304417, J. F. Rivero-Cruz, H.-B. Chai, L. B. S. Kardono, F. M. Setyowati, J. J. Afriastini, S. Riswan, N. R. Farnsworth, G. A. Cordell, J. M. Pezzuto, S. M. Swanson, A. D. Kinghorn. J. Nat. Prod. 67, 343 (2004).Search in Google Scholar

87. B. M. Meurer-Grimes, J. Yu, G. L.Vairo. U.S. Patent US6710075 B2 (2004).Search in Google Scholar

88. doi:10.1002/anie.200702707, B. Gerard, R. Cencic, J. Pelletier, J. A. Porco. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 46, 7831 (2007).Search in Google Scholar

89. doi:10.1002/anie.200702700, M. El Sous, M. L. Khoo, G. Holloway, D. Owen, P. J. Scammells, M. W. Rizzacasa. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 46, 7835 (2007).Search in Google Scholar

90. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2007.05.074, A. A. Salim, H.-B. Chai, I. Rachman, S. Riswan, L. B. S. Kardono, N. R. Farnsworth, E. J. Carcache-Blanco, A. D. Kinghorn. Tetrahedron 63, 7926 (2007).Search in Google Scholar

91. Q. Mi, S. Kim, B. Y. Hwang, B.-N. Su, H. Chai, Z. H. Arbieva, A. D. Kinghorn, S. M. Swanson. Anticancer Res. 26, 3349 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

92. S. Kim, B. Y. Hwang, B.-N. Su, H. Chai, Q. Mi, A. D. Kinghorn, S. M. Swanson. Anticancer Res. 27, 2175 (2007).Search in Google Scholar

93. M. E. Bordeleau, F. Robert, B. Gerard, L. Lindqvist, S. M. Chen, H. G. Wendel, B. Brem, H. Greger, S. W. Low, J. A. Porco, J. Pelletier. J. Clin. Invest. 118, 2651 (2008).Search in Google Scholar

94. R. B. Edwards, D. M. Lucas, G. Lozanski, A. J. Johnson, B.-N. Su, T. S. Lin, J. C. Byrd, A. D. Kinghorn, M. R. Grever. Abstract presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology, Orlando, FL, 9-12 December (2006).Search in Google Scholar

95. R. B. Edwards, D. M. Lucas, D. A. West, M. D. De Lay, G. Lozanski, A. J. Johnson, A. A. Salim, T. S. Lin, J. C. Byrd, A. D. Kinghorn, M. R. Grever. Abstract presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology, Atlanta, GA, 8-11 December (2007).Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2013-10-31

Published in Print: 2009-05-05

Discovery of anticancer agents of diverse natural origin

Abstract

Conference

References

Journal and Issue

Articles in the same Issue