Table 1General Characteristics of Participants (N=189)
Characteristics |
Categories |
n (%) |
Age (year) |
65~74 |
88 (46.6) |
≥75 |
101 (53.4) |
Education |
No education |
90 (47.6) |
Elementary school |
70 (37) |
≥Middle school |
29 (15.3) |
Religion (n=187) |
No religion |
50 (26.7) |
Buddhist |
69 (36.9) |
Christian |
56 (29.9) |
Catholic |
12 (6.4) |
Marriage |
Other (not bereaved) |
177 (93.7) |
Bereaved |
12 (6.3) |
Number of children |
Son |
1 or none |
31 (16.4) |
2 |
79 (41.8) |
3 |
52 (27.5) |
4 or more |
27 (14.3) |
Daughter |
1 or none |
58 (30.7) |
2 |
55 (29.1) |
3 |
43 (22.8) |
4 or more |
33 (17.5) |
Monthly allowance (10,000 won) |
<20 |
30 (15.9) |
21~40 |
84 (44.4) |
41~60 |
53 (28.0) |
≥61 |
22 (11.6) |
Economic situation |
Rich |
27 (14.3) |
Average |
89 (47.1) |
Poor |
73 (38.6) |
Regular Exercise |
Yes |
134 (70.9) |
No |
55 (29.1) |
Health |
Healthy |
38 (20.1) |
Average |
78 (41.3) |
Unhealthy |
73 (38.6) |
Drinking |
None |
106 (56.1) |
Experience |
83 (43.9) |
Smoking |
No |
183 (96.8) |
Experience |
6 (3.2) |
Table 2Health Promotion Behavior and Life Satisfaction (N=189)
Variables |
M±SD |
Health promotion behavior |
76.58±11.22 |
Medical examination and consultation |
2.57±0.47 |
Nutrition and diet |
2.41±0.44 |
Daily life management |
2.51±0.40 |
Exercise and activity |
2.36±0.69 |
Drinking and smoking |
2.83±0.38 |
Stress management |
2.25±0.50 |
Average |
2.47±0.36 |
Life satisfaction |
48.66±7.88 |
Average |
2.43±0.39 |
Table 3Health Promotion Behavior and Life Satisfaction according to the General Characteristics of Participants (N=189)
Characteristics |
Category |
Health promotion behavior |
Life satisfaction |
M±SD |
t or F (p) |
M±SD |
t or F (p) |
Age (year) |
65~74 |
2.52±0.34 |
1.79 (.074) |
2.47±0.35 |
1.31 (.191) |
≥75 |
2.43±0.38 |
2.40±0.43 |
Education |
No educationa
|
2.34±0.39 |
12.13 (<.001) a<b, c†
|
2.38±0.41 |
1.89 (.153) |
Elementary schoolb
|
2.57±0.29 |
2.50±0.40 |
|
|
≥Middle schoolc
|
2.63±0.29 |
2.45±0.31 |
Religion (N=187) |
No religiona
|
2.39±0.36 |
6.18 (.001) a, b<c†
|
2.36±0.39 |
2.97 (.033) |
Buddhistb
|
2.39±0.35 |
2.37±0.38 |
Christianc
|
2.62±0.34 |
2.56±0.40 |
Catholicd
|
2.57±0.27 |
2.41±0.34 |
Marriage |
Other (not bereaved) |
2.41±0.29 |
-0.55 (.580) |
2.23±0.32 |
-1.86 (.064) |
Bereaved |
2.47±0.37 |
2.45±0.40 |
Number of children |
Son |
1 or none |
2.57±0.34 |
1.52 (.209) |
2.43±0.40 |
.02 (.994) |
2 |
2.48±0.37 |
2.44±0.41 |
3 |
2.41±0.35 |
2.42±0.43 |
4 or more |
2.42±0.36 |
2.44±0.29 |
Daughter |
1 or none |
2.53±0.31 |
0.84 (.471) |
2.50±0.38 |
1.21 (.307) |
2 |
2.46±0.37 |
2.44±0.39 |
3 |
2.45±0.36 |
2.42±0.39 |
4 or more |
2.41±0.43 |
2.33±0.42 |
Monthly allowance (10,000 won) |
<20a
|
2.40±0.37 |
5.09 (.002) a, b<d†
|
2.34±0.48 |
2.10 (.101) |
21~40b
|
2.39±0.36 |
2.39±0.37 |
41~60c
|
2.55±0.36 |
2.49±0.40 |
≥61d
|
2.67±0.27 |
2.56±0.32 |
Economic situation |
Richa
|
2.60±0.36 |
1.93 (.147) |
2.54±0.30 |
3.88 (.022) a>b†
|
Averageb
|
2.45±0.32 |
2.35±0.36 |
Poorc
|
2.44±0.41 |
2.49±0.44 |
Regular exercise |
Yes |
2.59±0.31 |
8.55 (<.001) |
2.54±0.37 |
7.42 (<.001) |
No |
2.17±0.29 |
2.16±0.30 |
Health |
Healthya
|
2.64±0.28 |
11.31 (<.001) a, b>c†
|
2.53±0.34 |
7.41 (.001) a, b>c†
|
Averageb
|
2.51±0.37 |
2.51±0.41 |
Unhealthyc
|
2.33±0.35 |
2.30±0.37 |
Drinking |
None |
2.60±0.33 |
5.84 (<.001) |
2.56±0.38 |
5.20 (<.001) |
Experience |
2.31±0.34 |
2.28±0.36 |
Smoking |
No |
2.48±0.36 |
1.35 (.178) |
2.44±0.40 |
1.74 (.082) |
Experience |
2.27±0.33 |
2.16±0.21 |
Table 4Correlation between Health Promotion Behaviors and Life Satisfaction (N=189)
Variables |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
1. Health promotion behaviors |
1 |
.73 |
.88 |
.80 |
.81 |
.50 |
.72 |
|
2. Medical examination & counseling |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. Nutrition & diet |
|
.61 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
4. Daily life management |
|
.46 |
.71 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
5. Exercise & activities |
|
.60 |
.65 |
.51 |
1 |
|
|
|
6. Drinking & smoking |
|
.25 |
.36 |
.33 |
.29 |
1 |
|
|
7. Stress management |
|
.53 |
.46 |
.47 |
.53 |
.29 |
1 |
|
8. Life satisfaction |
.59 |
.43 |
.59 |
.44 |
.61 |
.03 |
.40 |
1 |
Table 5Effects of Health Promotion Behaviors on Life Satisfaction (N=189)
Variables |
B |
S |
β |
t |
p
|
(Constant) |
1.67 |
.18 |
|
8.88 |
<.001 |
Medical examination & counseling |
-0.03 |
.06 |
-.04 |
-0.57 |
.564 |
Nutrition & diet |
0.37 |
.08 |
.42 |
4.66 |
<.001 |
Daily life management |
0.00 |
.07 |
.00 |
0.05 |
.954 |
Exercise & activities |
0.21 |
.04 |
.37 |
4.97 |
<.001 |
Drinking & smoking |
-0.26 |
.06 |
-.25 |
-4.37 |
<.001 |
Stress management |
0.07 |
.05 |
.09 |
1.46 |
.144 |
|
R2=.49, Adj. R2=.48, F=30.10, p<.001 |