The official journal of the Korean Society for Neurorehabilitation (KSNR), and Asia-Oceanian Soceity for Neurorehabilitation (AOSNR)
pISSN 1976-8753 eISSN 2383-9910
Open Access, Peer-reviewed
Indexed in PubMed, PubMed Central, DOAJ and Korea Citation Index (KCI)
    Brain Neurorehabil. 2012 Mar;5(1):19-23. Korean.
    Published online Mar 31, 2012.
    https://doi.org/10.12786/bn.2012.5.1.19
    Copyright © 2012 Korean Society for Neurorehabilitation
    Review

    Generalization of Treatment Effect on Motor Learning after Stroke

    Myung Jun Shin, M.D. and Yong-Il Shin, M.D., Ph.D.1
      • Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Korea.
      • 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Korea.
    • Corresponding author (Email: rmshin@pusan.ac.kr )

    Abstract

    Approximately two thirds of stroke survivors have residual neurological deficits that persistently impair function. Hence, alternative strategies are needed to reduce the long-term disability and functional impairment from severe weakness of limbs. Generalization of treatment effect takes place when the effects of the therapy spread to a variety of related behaviors and similar movements. And the transfer effect that training of the limbs on one side of the body appeared to be shared by those on the other side simultaneously. The two concepts are closely linked together. These forms of learning are organized through a higher-level cerebral mechanism and can be associated corpus callosum. Several promising new rehabilitation approaches such as bilateral training are based on the transfer effect. The purpose of this review is to introduce transfer effect of treatment on motor learning after stroke.

    Keywords
    corpus callosum; generalization; rehabilitation; stroke; transfer effect

    Figures

    Fig. 1
    (A) Average fiber size, degree of myelination, and fiber density for each successive tenth of the macaque corpus callosum. (B) Topography of the macaque corpus callosum. From 'Cytological and Quantitative Characteristics of Four Cerebral Commissures in the Rhesus Monkey' by AS Lamantia and P Rakic, 1990, Journal of Comparative Neurology.

    Fig. 2
    Mean ± SEM handedness differences in the areas of six regions of the corpus callosum. Left-handers (LH) had a significantly larger callosal isthmus (CC5) than right-handers (RH). *Groups different at p<0.05. From 'Morphology of the planum temporale and corpus callosum in left handers with evidence of left and right hemisphere speech representation' by SD Moffat, E Hampson, and DH Lee, 1998, Brain.

    Fig. 3
    Interaction of Transfer type × Side. P-Np: Preferred to non-preferred, Np-P: Non-preferred to preferred. From 'Bilateral transfer of skill in left- and right-handers' by S Kumar and MK Mandal, 2005, Laterality.

    Fig. 4
    An analysis was performed between patients with stroke and normal subjects on visually guided movement. The bar graphs are Z values for the neural regions that are significantly more active in the movement of patients with stroke (left, solid) or healthy subjects (right, hashed) when considered as a network. The disparity between groups has been attributed to pathology-induced change in neurologic activity. Of particular interest is the involvement of motor structures typically involved in left hand movement when patients with stroke are using their nonparetic right hand. The area above the dashed line represents a significance of p<0.01. From 'New brain networks are active after right MCA stroke when moving the ipsilesional arm' by CA Hanlon et al., 2005, Neurology.

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    MeSH Terms
    Corpus Callosum
    Extremities
    Generalization (Psychology)
    Humans
    Hypogonadism
    Learning
    Mitochondrial Diseases
    Ophthalmoplegia
    Stroke
    Survivors
    Metrics
    Share
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