Structural differences within the loop E motif imply alternative mechanisms of viroid processing

Abstract

Viroids replicate via a rolling circle mechanism, and cleavage/ligation requires extensive rearrangement of the highly base-paired native structure. For Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), the switch from cleavage to ligation is driven by the change from a multibranched tetraloop structure to a loop E conformation. Here we present evidence that processing of Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), a member of a related group of viroids that also replicate in the nucleus, may proceed via a distinct pathway. Chemical probing of PSTVd and CVd-III miniRNAs with DMS and CMCT revealed that the loop E motifs of these two viroids have quite different tertiary structures. As shown by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis, the presence of two likely Watson–Crick GC pairs results in a significant overall stabilization of the CVd-III loop E-like motif. Unlike PSTVd, the upper strand of the CVd-III loop E-like motif cannot fold into a GNRA tetraloop, and comparison of suboptimal structures indicates that the initial cleavage event could occur on the 5′ side of the only GU wobble pair in a helix involving a nearby pair of inverted repeats. According to our model, rearrangement of 3′ sequences into a hairpin stem containing an identical arrangement of GC, GU, and CG base pairs and a second cleavage event is followed by formation of loop E, which serves to align the 5′ and 3′ termini of the CVd-III monomer prior to ligation. Because ligation would occur within loop E itself, stabilization of this motif may be needed to hold the 5′ and 3′ termini of CVd-III in position for the host ligase.

Keywords

• Citrus viroid III
• cleavage/ligation
• loop E
• viroid replication
• RNA motifs
• viroids