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Microfluidic Generation of Near-Infrared Photothermal Vitexin/ICG Liposome with Amplified Photodynamic Therapy

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Abstract

Glioma, in which a malignant tumor cell occurs in neural mesenchymal cells, has a rapid progression and poor prognosis, which is still far from desirable in clinical treatments. We developed a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device for the rapid and efficient preparation of vitexin/indocyanine green (ICG) liposomes. Vitexin could be released from liposome to kill cancer cell, which can potentially improve the glioma therapeutic effect and reduce the treatment time through synergistic photodynamic/photothermal therapies (PDT/PTT). The vitexin/ICG liposome was fabricated via LOC and its physicochemical property and release in vitro were evaluated. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method and live/dead staining were used to examine the enhanced antitumor effect of vitexin/ICG liposome in cooperation with PDT/PTT, while the related mechanism was explored by flow cytometry and western blot. The results were as follows: (1) The prepared vitexin/ICG liposome was smaller in size, homogenous in particle size distribution with significant low polydispersity index (PDI), and enhanced cumulative release in vitro. (2) We found that the formulated liposome presented strong cancer cell inhibition and suppression of its migration in a dose-dependent manner. (3) Further mechanistic studies showed that liposome combined with near-infrared irradiation could significantly upregulate levels of B cell lymphoma 2-associated X (Bax) protein and decrease B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) at protein levels. The vitexin/ICG liposomes prepared based on a simple LOC platform can effectively enhance the solubility of insoluble drugs, and the combined effect of PTT/PDT can effectively increase their antitumor effect, which provides a simple and valid method for the clinical translation of liposomes.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFE0208600), Key Planning Social Development Projects of Zhenjiang in Jiangsu Province (SH2021024), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81720108030, 8217131836 and 82173785), Natural Science Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province (18KJB360001), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20180866), and Postdoctoral Research Fund of Jiangsu Province in 2021 category A (2021K010A). Also, we thank the Ethics Committee of University for guiding us on animal experiment and to the Institute of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China, for the necessary facility support to generate the manuscript.

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Author notes

  1. Xia Cao and Qi Liu contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China

    Xia Cao, Qi Liu, Michael Adu-Frimpong, Wenwan Shi, Kai liu, Tianwen Deng, Hui Yuan, Xuedi Weng, Yihong Gao, Qingtong Yu, Wenwen Deng, Jiangnan Yu, Qilong Wang & Ximing Xu

  2. Medicinal Function Development of New Food Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

    Xia Cao, Qi Liu, Michael Adu-Frimpong, Wenwan Shi, Kai liu, Tianwen Deng, Qingtong Yu, Wenwen Deng, Jiangnan Yu, Qilong Wang & Ximing Xu

  3. School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shanxi, 710072, People’s Republic of China

    Xia Cao, Qi Liu, Michael Adu-Frimpong, Wenwan Shi, Kai liu, Tianwen Deng, Hui Yuan, Xuedi Weng, Yihong Gao, Qingtong Yu, Wenwen Deng, Jiangnan Yu, Qilong Wang, Gao Xiao & Ximing Xu

  4. Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKT-UTAS), Navrongo, UK-0215-5321, Ghana

    Michael Adu-Frimpong

  5. College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, People’s Republic of China

    Gao Xiao

Authors
  1. Xia Cao
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  2. Qi Liu
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  15. Ximing Xu
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Contributions

Cao Xia, Ximing Xu, and Qilong Wang contributed to the conceptualization; Qi Liu, Wenwan Shi, Hui Yuan, and Xuedi Weng contributed to the data curation and Methodology. Qi Liu, Kai liu, Tianwen Deng, and Yihong Gao contributed to the formal analysis and validation. Qingtong Yu, WENWEN Deng, and Gao Xiao contributed to the supervision. Xia Cao, Qi Liu, Michael Adu-Frimpong, Qilong Wang, and Gao Xiao contributed to the writing. Xia Cao, Jiangnan Yu, and Ximing Xu contributed to the funding acquisition.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Qilong Wang, Gao Xiao or Ximing Xu.

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Cao, X., Liu, Q., Adu-Frimpong, M. et al. Microfluidic Generation of Near-Infrared Photothermal Vitexin/ICG Liposome with Amplified Photodynamic Therapy. AAPS PharmSciTech 24, 82 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-023-02539-2

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