Calliopsinae Robertson, 1922: 160. Type genus: Calliopsis Smith, 1853. Michener, 1997: 62; Engel, 2005: 7.

Diagnosis: Body frequently somewhat robust; integument not metallic and usually with yellow or cream-colored areas. Anterior tentorial pit in outer subantennal sulcus. Episternal groove short, arching into scrobal groove and not extending below latter; forewing with two submarginal cells. Female S5 with distal margin convex medially; S6 with curved marginal band of dense setae, sometimes broken medially; proximally with two broad, membranous lobes occupying space between apodemes. Male gonostylus absent or reduced to small setose projection or area; penis valve enlarged and of complex form; gonocoxa large, subglobose, and convex.

Comments: The genera of Calliopsini were last revised by Ruz (1991), with additions by Roig-Alsina and Compagnucci (2003) and the new taxon described here. The current supraspecific classification is outlined in table 1.

Type species: Xeranthrena imponticula Gonzalez and Engel, new species.

Diagnosis: The new genus is most similar to Spinoliella but can be easily separated by the following combination of characters: female clypeus with low projection on distal margin near lateral margin of labrum (fig. 2B, C), preapically depressed on disc, with elevated apical ridge medially (with strong projection, convex on disc, and without distinct ridge in Spinoliella); female S6 with proximal lobes about as long as apodemes (fig. 2I) (surpassing apodemes in Spinoliella); male S8 with body rectangular, abruptly separated from apically expanded median process (fig. 3G) (body triangular, gradually separated from median process, not apically expanded in Spinoliella); penis valve apically simple, asetose, not fused dorsally by bridge (fig. 3H, I) (apically bifid, setose, fused medially by bridge in Spinoliella); and male metatibia with keirotrichia occupying entire inner surface (absent anteriorly in Spinoliella).

Description: Female. Moderate-sized bees (7–10 mm in length); color dark brown to black, with yellow maculation on mandible, face, pronotum, and metasomal terga (fig. 2A–D, H); integument largely smooth and shiny between punctures, especially on dorsal surface of mesosoma; punctures finer on metasoma; pubescence whitish, sparse, longer and denser on head and mesosoma than on metasoma; metasomal terga and sterna covered by minute, appressed setae. Head broader than long, broader than mesosoma; mandible edentate, pointed, with strong basal process on upper margin; labrum with weak ridge bordering glabrous, impunctate, basal area; clypeus more than 3× broader than long, distal margin with low projection near lateral margin of labrum; labrum broader than long, asetose basal area delimited by weak border, apex not inflexed; lower mesal paraocular area distinctly swollen (fig. 2B); anterior tentorial pit at midpoint of outer subantennal sulcus; lower margins of antennal toruli at lower one-third of face; facial fovea well-marked, narrow; inner orbits of compound eyes parallel (fig. 2A); lower margin of median ocellus below upper orbital tangent; vertex convex; gena slightly narrower than compound eye in profile, widest medially. Labiomaxillary complex of moderate length, not distinctly elongate; maxillary palpus with six palpomeres, apical three palpomeres each shorter than basal three individually; labial palpus with four palpomeres, first palpomere much longer than combined lengths of remaining palpomeres, second palpomere slightly longer than third and fourth palpomeres individually; glossa slightly shorter than prementum.

Pronotal collar rounded, not carinate; dorsal surface of propodeum microareolate, asetose, gently sloping, 1.6× longer than metanotum. Forewing with pterostigma more than 3× longer than broad, about as wide as prestigma, margin basal to r-rs slightly divergent from C, that within marginal slightly convex; marginal cell obliquely and broadly truncate at apex, appendiculate, longer than distance from its apex to wing tip; two submarginal cells, first submarginal cell slightly longer than second; basal vein (1Rs+M) gently curved; 1m-cu distal to 2Rs (i.e., second free abscissa Rs, or “first submarginal crossvein” sensu Michener, 2007); 2m-cu basal to 2rs-m (“second submarginal crossvein” sensu Michener, 2007); jugal lobe 0.9× length of vannal lobe. Hind wing with second abscissa of M+Cu about 3.8× length of cu-a; 10–12 distal hamuli. Legs unmodified; mesotibial spur ciliate, straight, about one-half mesobasitarsal length; metabasitibial plate spatulate, slightly concave on disc, delimited by strong border (fig. 2F), with scattered, semierect, short, stiff setae basally; metatibia 1.7× longer than metabasitarsus, with keirotrichia on inner surface present only at both ends, scopa on outer surface with extremely sparse, mostly unbranched setae except minutely branched on posterior margin basally; metatibial spurs ciliate, straight, inner spur about 1.3× longer than outer spur; metabasitarsus not projecting on posterodistal margin; pretarsal claws cleft, with outer ramus longer than inner.

Metasoma broader than mesosoma; terga without apical bands of setae (fig. 2G); T2 with well-marked lateral fovea; T7 with pygidial plate apically simple, pointed; S6 with proximal laminar lobes not surpassing anterior margin of apodemes, reflexed layer (“duplication” sensu Ruz, 1991) strongly sclerotized, broadly convex, subapically with dense, continuous band of setae, distal margin concave medially (fig. 2I); sting apparatus developed, with stylet apically acute, not surpassing gonostylus.

Male. Antennal scape unmodified, nearly reaching lower margin of median ocellus (fig. 3A); flagellum shorter than head; inner orbits of compound eyes weakly to strongly divergent ventrally (fig. 3A). Outer surfaces of pro- and mesotibiae apically with small, posterior spine; keirotrichia occupying entire inner surface of metatibia. Metasoma straight, with apex posteriorly directed; sterna unmodified; S5 with distal margin straight; S6 medially projected on distal margin; S7 with apodemes forming a broad, inverted V, apically with two large lobes (fig. 3F); S8 with body rectangular, abruptly separated from apically expanded median process (fig. 3G); gonocoxite square or nearly so, ventrally completely fused on midline, with strong dorsomedial projection distally; gonostylus vestigial, about one-eighth of gonocoxite length in ventral view (fig. 3H); volsella indistinct, presumably represented by sclerotized, digitiform area fused to gonocoxite and gonostylus, as seen in ventral view (fig. 3H); penis valve free, not fused medially by narrow bridge (fig. 3H), apically simple, asetose, weakly sclerotized, laterally compressed (fig. 3H, I); penis fused to penis valve, partially sclerotized.

Etymology: The new genus-group name is a combination of xeros (Greek, “dry,” referring to the xeric regions inhabited by these bees), and anthrene (Greek, “wild bee”). The gender of the name is feminine.

Diagnosis: In addition to the generic characters indicated above, this species can be recognized by the simple, not bifid, pygidial plate. In this latter regard, the female is superficially similar to S. obscura, a species that also shares with X. imponticula a straight outer metatibial spur. Xeranthrena imponticula can be further separated from S. obscura and other species of Spinoliella by the following combination of characters: larger body size (7–10 mm); frons, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and discs of terga smooth and shiny, uniformly punctate (e.g., fig. 2E), with punctures separated by a puncture width or less; propodeum dull, densely and contiguously punctate; forewing with pterostigma with sides diverging distally and with the margin within the marginal cell convex; male S2–S5 with discs densely covered by short, appressed setae as those on tergal discs, without distinct band of long, erect setae; and shape of male S7, S8, and genital capsule (fig. 3F–I).

Description: Female. Total body length 8.7 mm (7.3–8.7 mm); forewing length 5.3 mm (4.6–5.3 mm); head width 2.5 mm (2.1–2.5 mm). Head 1.3× wider than long; inner orbits of compound eyes parallel; intertorular distance about 3× OD, 1.4× greater than torulorbital distance; torulus diameter about equal to OD; ocellocular distance 2.6× OD, 1.2× greater than ocelloccipital distance; interocellar distance 2.4× OD, slightly shorter (0.9×) than ocellocular distance; compound eye 2.2× longer than wide; clypeus 3.2× broader than long, preapically slightly depressed on disc, with apex surpassing inferior tangent of compound eyes by about half of its length, projected about 0.5× compound eye width in lateral view; gena 0.9× width of compound eye in profile, widest medially; inner subantennal sulcus about 0.7× length of outer subantennal sulcus; facial fovea long, deep, forming a groove, 13× longer than broad, about same width (0.3× width of scape) across its length, 1.1× longer than scape; scape 3.4× longer than broad; pedicel about as long as F1, about as long as broad; F1 slightly longer than broad, 1.5× longer than F2 and F3 individually; remaining flagellomeres broader than long, except last flagellomere longer than broad. Protibial spur with apical portion of rachis about as long as length of malus, with row of 10 elongate branches (not including apical portion of rachis); mesobasitarsus robust, about 2.8× longer than broad; metatibia 4.2× longer than broad; metabasitarsus 5.0× longer than broad, about 0.6× length of metatibia.

Body color black except dark reddish brown on mandible apically, antennal flagellum, legs, and metasoma. Yellow maculation as follows: mandible basally; clypeus laterally and medioapically; supraclypeal area; lower paraocular area including paraclypeal swelling (nearly absent in one paratype); subantennal area; dorsal surface of pronotum laterally; outer surfaces of pro- and mesotibiae basally; T1–T5 each with lateral maculation, gap between maculation narrower on T3 and T4. Tegula semitranslucent brownish; wing membranes brownish with weak green and copper highlights; veins, prestigma, and pterostigma light to dark brown.

Body pubescence whitish except off-white on vertex and metasoma, and light reddish brown on inner surfaces of tarsi. Head and mesosoma with minutely branched setae denser on frons and mesoscutum, integument largely visible among setae; mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with long (1.0–1.5× OD), sparse, erect setae arising among shorter, denser, appressed setae. Metasoma covered by minute, appressed, sparse setae, with semierect, long (1.0–1.5× OD), scattered setae on discs of sterna, sides of terga, and discs of T4 and T5, setae longer and denser on apical terga.

Outer surface of mandible except basally and basal one-third of labrum smooth and shiny, impunctate; clypeus smooth and shiny, with faint punctures separated by 1.0–2.0× a puncture width, punctures smaller and denser laterally; paraclypeal swelling impunctate; subantennal, supraclypeal, and lower paraocular areas smooth and shiny with smaller, fainter punctures than on clypeal disc, punctures separated by 1.0–2.0× a puncture width; remaining areas of face uniformly punctate, punctures coarser and denser than on disc, integument otherwise smooth and shiny; vertex behind ocelli with weakly imbricate integument among oval punctures; gena minutely punctate, punctures denser near orbital margin, scattered, larger on hypostomal area, integument otherwise smooth and shiny. Mesosoma, including legs, smooth and shiny among punctures except strongly imbricate on metepisternum and sides of propodeum, finely alveolate on propodeal triangle, and coarsely alveolate on posterior surface of propodeum; mesoscutum and mesoscutellum densely and uniformly punctate, punctures separated by a puncture width or less; metanotum with denser punctures than on mesoscutellum; mesepisternum with denser, fainter, and larger punctures than on mesoscutum, punctures sparser dorsally. Metasomal terga and sterna uniformly and minutely punctate, weakly imbricate among punctures.

Male. As in female except pubescence slightly longer and denser, and in following features: total body length 7.0–10.1 mm; forewing length 4.6–5.7 mm; head width 2.2–2.9 mm. Head 1.3–1.4× wider than long; mandible arcuate; intertorular distance 2.8× OD, 1.2× greater than torulorbital distance; torulus diameter 0.9× OD; ocellocular distance equal to ocelloccipital distance; clypeus 3.6× broader than long, projected about 0.4× compound eye width in lateral view; gena about as wide as compound eye in profile; facial fovea shallower than in female, 7.0× longer than broad, 0.7× length of scape; scape 3.0× longer than broad; pedicel slightly shorter than F1; F1 1.6× longer than F2 and F3 individually. Metatibia 3.7× longer than broad; metabasitarsus 4.5× longer than broad; mesobasitarsus slender, 5.4× longer than broad. Metasomal S7, S8, and genital capsule as in figure 3F–I.

Body color as in female except yellow on: labrum, clypeus except basally on disc, anterior surface of scape (sometimes reduced) (fig. 3A, C), apices of pro- and mesofemora, and outer surface of protibia (sometimes reduced). Metasomal T1–T5 each with lateral yellow maculation smaller than in female (sometimes reduced to absent on T2) (fig. 3B, D).

Holotype: ♀, Peru: Lima Dept., 15 km WSW Sayan, V-12-1996 [12 May 1996], J.G. Rozen, A. Ugarte, & M. Laime // On Exodeconus prostratus (AMNH).

Paratypes (n = 8♀♀, 10♂♂): Peru: Lima Province: 2♀♀, 1♂ with same data as holotype (AMNH); 1♀ with same data as holotype but collected on V-11-96 [11 May 1996] (AMNH); 1♀, 3♂♂, Lima Dept., 15 km WSW Sayan, VI-26–28-95 [26–28 June 1995], J.G. Rozen, A. Ugarte // On Exodeconus maritimus (1♀, 1♂ AMNH, 2♂♂ SEMC); 1♀, same as previous except VI-27-95 [27 June 1995] (AMNH); La Libertad Province: 1♀, 1♂, La Libertad Dept., La Gloria, 7.5 km, NNW Paijan, V-23-96 [23 May 1996], J.G. Rozen & A. Ugarte // On Exodeconus prostratus (1♂ AMNH, 1♀ SEMC); 1♂, Chile [sic, Peru], La Libertad Pr. 31 km E Trujillo, 21 Mar 1999, J.G. Rozen, A. Ugarte (AMNH); Ancash Province: 1♀, 1♂, Ancash Prov., 21 km E Casma, 9°28′92″S, 78°06′97″W, el. 2000′ III-20-1999 [20 March 1999] // on plant #5 // J.G. Rozen, A. Ugarte // SEMC 1008502, 1008504 (SEMC); 1♀, 1♂, same as previous except Yautan, 9°31′69″S, 72°99′22″W, III-20-1999 [20 March 1999], J.G. Rozen, A. Ugarte //on plant #5 // SEMC 1008501, 1008503 (SEMC); 2♂♂, same as previous except 9°31′S, 77°99′W, 20 Mar 1999, Rozen, Ugarte (AMNH).

Etymology: The specific epithet is a combination of im- (Latin, “without”) and ponticulus (Latin, diminutive of “bridge”), and is a reference to the lack of a dorsal bridge to the penis valves.

Distribution: This species is known only from the xeric areas along the Pacific slope of the Andes in central and northern Peru.

Floral associations: Exodeconus prostratus (L'Her.) Raf. and E. maritimus (Benth.) D'Arcy (Solanaceae).

Comments: The collection locality indicated for one of the male paratypes as “Chile, La Libertad Pr. 31 km E. Trujillo” is clearly a typographical error because both La Libertad Province and its capital, Trujillo, are in Peru.

Spinoliella Ashmead, 1899: 84. Type species: Camptopoeum nomadoides Spinola, 1851, monobasic and by original designation.

Spinoliella (Peniella) Toro and Ruz, 1972a: 146. Type species: Camptopoeum maculatum Spinola, 1851, by original designation. Synonymy after Michener (2000).

Diagnosis: Spinoliella are most similar to Callonychium owing to the subparallel inner margins of the compound eyes and yellow markings on otherwise darker integument. Spinoliella can be differentiated from Callonychium by the absence of maculation on the genae (with a longitudinal yellow band in Callonychium), cleft pretarsal claws in females (simple in Callonychium), and antennal toruli positioned in lower third of face (in lower fourth of face in Callonychium). Both genera can be separated from the related genus Arhysosage by the presence in the latter genus of ventrally divergent compound eyes, a broad metasoma (wider than mesosoma and sometimes wider than head: see Engel, 2000), and strongly incurved meso- and metatibial spurs in females.

Distribution and floral associations: The genus is confined to Argentina and Chile (tables 1 and 3); individuals of 12 of the known species have been found at a wide variety of flowers (table 4), although it is unknown whether these were to collect pollen or merely imbibe nectar. Considerable work is needed on the biology of Spinoliella in association with their flowers.

Comments: Spinoliella are currently known from Argentina and Chile, although at least one species is known from no more than 35 km south of the Peruvian border and it is likely that the genus will be found in that country. The genus was revised by Toro and Ruz (1972a, 1972b) who initially recognized six species and two subgenera. Spinoliella longirostris, S. nomadoides, and S. psamita were grouped in the nominate subgenus, while the remaining species were placed in subgenus Peniella. Both subgenera were further characterized by Ruz (1991) and, although they can be recognized on the basis of morphological characters in both sexes, Michener (2000, 2007) considered them unnecessary given the small number of species and that they are not very distinct from each other. Subsequent to Toro and Ruz's (1972a, 1972b) account, several species have been described (Toro, 1995; Rodríguez et al., 2001; Compagnucci, 2015), bringing the diversity known prior to the present work to a total of 13 species (table 2), although one is newly synonymized herein. Of these additional species, all were ascribed to one of the two subgenera except for the four Argentinean species described by Compagnucci (2015), as they appeared to intermingle characters from both subgenera. Although our analysis supported the two subgenera as monophyletic, the distinctions remain minor and we do not advocate their reinstatement at this time.

Diagnosis: This Argentinean species can be recognized by the following combination of features: small body size (4–5 mm); female pygidial plate with apex bifid (fig. 4G); female mesobasitarsus robust, 2.7× longer than broad; metabasitibial plate depressed, asetose on disc, delimited by strong carina, apically broadly rounded (fig. 4C) (delimited by weaker borders in the male: fig. 5D); T1–T5 with yellow bands on discs (figs. 4D, 4F, 5B), medially interrupted in the female and sometimes reduced to lateral spots in the male; and the frons, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and propodeum smooth and shiny, largely impunctate (e.g., fig. 4E). This species resembles S. psamita and S. tadeyi in the small body size and color, but in those species the integument of the head and mesosoma is duller, with minute, contiguous punctures. Spinoliella psamita also differs from S. aidae in the pygidial plate, which is apically truncate and not bifid in the former (fig. 19E), and the outer metatibial spur, which is distinctly curved apically (straight in S. aidae).

Description: Female. Total body length 4.7 mm; forewing length 2.9 mm; head width 1.3 mm. Head 1.2× wider than long; inner orbits of compound eyes subparallel or nearly so (fig. 4A); intertorular distance 2.2× OD, about 1.4× greater than torulorbital distance; torulus diameter slightly narrower than OD; ocellocular distance 1.5× OD, 0.8× length of ocelloccipital distance; interocellar distance 2.4× OD, 1.6× greater than ocellocular distance; compound eye about twice as long as wide; clypeus 2.6× broader than long, with apex surpassing inferior tangent of compound eyes by about one-half its length, projected about 0.7× compound eye width in lateral view; gena 0.7× width of compound eye in profile, widest medially; inner subantennal sulcus about one-half length of outer subantennal sulcus; facial fovea deep, widest inferiorly (0.6× width of scape), about 6.0× longer than broad, 1.7× longer than scape; scape 3.2× longer than broad; pedicel 1.6× longer than F1, about as long as wide; F1 broader than long, about as long as F2 and F3 individually; remaining flagellomeres broader than long, except last flagellomere longer than broad. Right protibial spur with apical portion of rachis about one-third length of malus, with two elongate branches (not including apical portion of rachis), left protibial spur with apical portion of rachis about one-half length of malus, with distinct row of four elongate branches; mesobasitarsus robust, about 2.7× longer than broad; mesotibial spur straight, slightly longer than one-half mesobasitarsus length; metatibial spurs straight, inner spur about 1.6× longer than the outer spur; metatibia 4.3× longer than broad; metabasitibial plate depressed, asetose on disc, delimited by strong carina, broadly rounded apically (fig. 4C); metabasitarsus 6.7× longer than broad, about 0.6× length of metatibia. Pygidial plate with lateral margins converging toward apex at 50° angle, apically bifid (fig. 4G).

Color black, except reddish brown on apex of mandible, lower gena, pronotum, coxae, trochanters, femora excluding apices, and metasoma (fig. 4A, B, D, E). Yellow to cream maculation as follows (fig. 4A, D, E): mandible basally; labrum; distal half of clypeus; lower paraocular area including paraclypeal swelling; subantennal area; supraclypeal area; antenna except on posterior surfaces of scape and pedicel; pronotal lobe; apices of femora and remaining podites of legs, except pro- and mesotibia with diffuse dark brown spot on inner surfaces, metatibia with large dark brown spot on inner and outer surfaces distally, and apices of pretarsal claws; T1– T5 with broad, nearly complete bands on discs, widely separated on basal two terga. Tegula translucent yellow; wing membranes hyaline with weak green and copper highlights, veins and pterostigma light brown.

Body pubescence pale to whitish, sparse, minutely branched, except ventral margin of mandible, labrum, tarsi of all legs, and outer surface of metatibia with poorly branched or simple, stiff setae; setae longer (at least 2.0× OD) on ventral margin of mandible, hypostomal area, mesoscutellum, protrochanter, profemur, posterior margin of metabasitarsus, T5 and T6. Metasomal terga and sterna with minute, appressed, sparse setae, denser and longer laterally.

Outer surface of mandible distally and basal area of labrum smooth and shiny, impunctate; clypeus with sparse, faint punctures separated by a puncture width or more, integument between punctures smooth and shiny as on remaining areas of face; supraclypeal area laterally with scattered, large, faint punctures as on clypeus; subantennal area with scattered, minute punctures near torulus; paraclypeal swelling impunctate; remaining areas of face with smaller, coarser punctures than on clypeus separated by at least 2× a puncture width, punctures becoming minute, scattered toward median ocellus; ocellocular area impunctate near lateral ocellus, shiny, weakly imbricate; vertex with coarse punctures separated by at least a puncture width; gena smooth and shiny with minute, scattered punctures; hypostomal area weakly imbricate with coarser, denser punctures than on gena laterally. Mesosoma generally smooth and shiny (e.g., fig. 4E), except weakly to strongly imbricate on pronotum laterally, tegula, mesepisternum dorsally and ventrally, and metepisternum, lateral and posterior surfaces of propodeum and legs; punctures minute and scattered on anterolateral area of mesoscutum, mesepisternum ventrally, posterior surface of propodeum, and most of legs with coarser, denser punctures. Metasomal terga and sterna imbricate with minute, scattered punctures on discs, coarser and denser on terminal terga.

Male. As in female except pubescence slightly longer and denser, terga with integumental bands broadly separated medially, and the following: total body length 4.5–4.8 mm; forewing length 2.8–2.9 mm; head width 1.3–1.4 mm. Ocellocular distance slightly narrower than ocelloccipital distance; compound eye 1.8× longer than wide; mandible with large, triangular basal tooth on upper margin; facial fovea about same width across length (0.3× width of scape), 3.0× longer than broad, about as long as scape; scape 2.6× longer than broad. Protibial spur with apical portion of rachis about two-thirds length of malus, with six or seven elongate branches (not including apical portion of rachis); mesotibial spur 0.7× mesobasitarsus length; mesobasitarsus about 3.5× longer than broad; metatibia about 4.0× longer than broad; metabasitibial plate with borders not as well defined as in female (fig. 5D); metabasitarsus 4.5× longer than broad. S7, S8 and genital capsule as in figure 5E–H.

Holotype: ♀, Arg [Argentina], La Rioja Dept. Grl. La Madrid [General Lamadrid], 2 km N, Villa Castelli 13–15 Oct 97 malaise, net & pantrap, Irwin F, Parker, S Roig, 28.9977°S, 68.2027°W (BBSL).

Paratypes (n = 1♀, 7♂♂): Argentina: Catamarca: 1♀, 1♂, San Fernando, March 7, 1990, Rozen & Roig, on Sclerophylax gilliesii // SEMC 1008510, 1008509 (SEMC); 6♂♂ with same data as other paratypes, except one without floral record (5♂♂ AMNH, 1♂ SEMC).

Etymology: This species is named after Aida Pardo, beloved mother of Allan H. Smith-Pardo.

Distribution: Argentina: Catamarca, La Rioja.

Floral record: Sclerophylax arnottii Miers (recorded on labels as S. gilliesii Miers, which is today a junior synonym) (Solanaceae).

Diagnosis: Spinoliella confusa can be recognized by the following combination of traits: large body size (6–8 mm); female pygidial plate narrow, with lateral margins converging toward apex at a 40° angle, apically bifid (fig. 6F); discs of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum nearly smooth and shiny among punctures in the female (fig. 6B), minutely, shallowly punctate in the male (fig. 7D), with coarse, scattered setiferous punctures separated by at least a puncture width; female mesobasitarsus slender, 3.6× longer than broad; and metabasitibial plate delimited by a strong border or carina (fig. 6C) (not well defined in the male: fig. 7E). The female is most similar to that of S. herbsti in the large body size, pygidial plate with apex bifid, dark brown to black body color, and sculpturing of the mesoscutum. However, in S. herbsti the pygidial plate is much broader, with lateral margins converging toward apex at a 60° angle (fig. 8F) and the metabasitibial plate is not delimited by a strong carina or border. The male of S. confusa resembles to some degree that of S. maculata, mainly in the body size and sculpturing of the mesoscutum and mesoscutellum; however, in S. maculata these areas are rather dull, with micropunctures distinctly deep throughout, whereas in S. confusa they are shinier, with micropunctures shallow, particularly on the disc of mesoscutellum (fig. 7D).

Description: Female. Total body length 8.3 mm (8.3–9.1 mm); forewing length 5.4 mm (5.4–5.8 mm); head width 2.4 mm (2.3–2.5 mm). Head 1.3× wider than long; inner orbits of compound eyes slightly diverging ventrally (fig. 6A); intertorular distance 2.8× OD, about 1.4× greater than torulorbital distance; torulus diameter about equal to OD; ocellocular distance 2.3× OD, about as long as ocelloccipital distance; interocellar distance 2.2× OD, about as long as ocellocular distance; compound eye about twice as long as wide; mandible with large, triangular basal tooth or process on upper margin; clypeus 3.1× broader than long, with apex surpassing inferior tangent of compound eyes by about onehalf its length, projected about 0.5× compound eye width in lateral view; gena 0.7× width of compound eye in profile, widest medially; inner subantennal sulcus about one-half length of outer subantennal sulcus; facial fovea deep, widest inferiorly (0.9× width of scape), about 5.4× longer than broad, 1.7× longer than scape; scape 2.8× longer than broad; pedicel about as long as F1, 1.2× broader than long; F1 slightly longer than broad, about as long as F2, 1.2× longer than F3; remaining flagellomeres broader than long, except last flagellomere longer than broad. Protibial spur with apical portion of rachis about two-thirds length of malus, with distinct row of seven elongate branches (not including apical portion of rachis); mesotibial spur straight, about one-half mesobasitarsus length; mesobasitarsus slender, about 3.6× longer than broad; metatibial spurs straight, inner spur about 1.4× longer than the outer spur; metabasitibial plate slightly depressed, asetose on disc, delimited by strong border, narrowly rounded (fig. 6F); metatibia 4.3× longer than broad; metabasitarsus 8.0× longer than broad, about 0.7× length of metatibia. Pygidial plate with lateral margins converging toward apex at 40° angle, apex bifid (fig. 6F).

Color mainly dark reddish brown except black on face, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, propodeal triangle, mesepisternum, and lateral fovea of T2 (head and mesosoma, excluding legs, largely black in one paratype) (fig. 6A, B), and cream to yellowish maculations as follows (fig. 6A–E): mandible except apically; labrum; clypeus except basally and distal margin submedially; supraclypeal area; lower paraocular area including paraclypeal swelling; subantennal area; outer surfaces of scape, pedicel, F1, and F2 with small apical spot; inner surface of flagellum, darkened apically; dorsal surface of pronotum with small lateral spot; pronotal lobe; anterior half of tegula; humeral sclerite; veins near wing bases; mesoscutellum with thin band on distal margin; metanotum; apices of femora; outer surfaces of tibiae and basitarsi, except anteromedially on mesoand metatibiae; discs of T1, T4, and T5 each with complete band medially emarginate on anterior margin, T2 and T3 each with medially interrupted band, broadly separated on T2 (T1 with medially interrupted band in one paratype). Tegula translucent yellow; wing membranes subhyaline, slightly yellowish, with weak green and copper highlights, veins light brown, darker on Sc+R, prestigma, and pterostigma.

Body pubescence yellowish to light reddish brown, sparse, minutely branched, except ventral margin of mandible, labrum, mesepisternum ventrally, tarsi of all legs, and outer surface of metatibia with simple, stiff setae; setae longer (at least 2× OD) on ventral margin of mandible, hypostomal area, mesoscutellum, protrochanter, profemur, posterior margin of metabasitarsus, T5 and T6. Metasomal terga and sterna with minute, appressed, sparse setae, denser and longer laterally, particularly on T2–T4; anteriorfacing surface of T1 with sparse, minutely branched, erect setae (OD).

Outer surface of mandible distally and basal area of labrum smooth and shiny, impunctate; clypeus smooth and shiny, with faint punctures separated by a puncture width or more, punctures absent midapically, denser laterally; paraclypeal swelling and subantennal area impunctate; supraclypeal area smooth and shiny, laterally with scattered, small punctures as on lower paraocular area; paraocular area, lateral to torulus, and lower half of frons smooth and shiny, with coarse setiferous punctures as on supraclypeal area, separated by a puncture width or less; remaining areas of face, including vertex, minutely punctate with smaller, sparser setiferous punctures than on lower half of frons; paraocular area, lateral to facial fovea, smooth and shiny to weakly impunctate, with coarse, small punctures; gena smooth and shiny, with small, faint punctures separated by at least two puncture widths, punctures coarser, denser on hypostomal area. Mesosoma, including legs, generally smooth and shiny between punctures, except: propodeal triangle alveolate, somewhat imbricate distally; disc of mesoscutum, metepisternum, sides of propodeum, tegula, and legs weakly imbricate; ventral surface of mesepisternum strongly imbricate. Pronotum with scattered, minute punctures; mesoscutum with large, scattered punctures separated by at least a puncture width on disc (fig. 6B); disc of mesoscutellum with sparser punctures than mesoscutum; mesepisternum laterally with scattered, larger, shallower punctures than on disc of mesoscutum, ventrally with denser, smaller punctures. Metasomal terga and sterna weakly imbricate with minute, scattered punctures, coarser and denser on sterna and terminal terga.

Male. As in female except longer, denser pubescence (cf. figs. 6A and 7A), terga with integumental bands often broadly separated medially, and the following: total body length 8.2–10 mm; forewing length 5.0–5.8 mm; head width 2.2–2.6 mm. Head 1.5× wider than long; intertorular distance 2.7× OD, about 1.5× greater than torulorbital distance; torulus diameter 0.8× OD; ocellocular distance about twice as long as OD, about 0.8× ocelloccipital distance; interocellar distance slightly longer than ocellocular distance; clypeus 4.0× broader than long; facial fovea about 4.0× longer than broad, widest medially (0.5× width of scape), 0.8× length of scape; scape 2.5× longer than broad; pedicel slightly shorter (0.8×) than F1, 1.3× broader than long; F1 1.2× longer than broad, 1.2× longer than F2, about as long as F3. Protibial spur with apical portion of rachis with distinct row of 11 elongate branches; inner metatibial spur about 1.3× lon ger than the outer spur; metabasitibial plate delimited by border not as strong as in female (fig. 7E); metabasitarsus 5.0× longer than broad, about 0.5× length of metatibia. Metasomal S7, S8, and genital capsule as in figure 7F–I.

Meso- and metabasitarsi dark reddish brown; T1–T5 each with band broadly interrupted medially (narrowly interrupted in one paratype).

Paraocular area, below facial foveal, impunctate, nearly smooth and shiny (weakly imbricate in one paratype). Pronotum with dense, small punctures midposteriorly on dorsal surface; mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with two types of punctures (fig. 7D): minute, nearly contiguous, shallow punctures, becoming faint to nearly absent on discs, and larger, deeper, sparser, setiferous punctures separated by one to two puncture widths. Metabasitibial plate with minute punctures on disc.

Holotype: ♀, Chile: Huasco Prov., 5 km N Incahausi, rd. to Mina Los Cristales, 990 m, pantrap M Irwin/D Yeates, 29.1899°S, 71.0204°W //SEMC 1008467 (SEMC).

Paratypes (n = 4♀♀, 5♂♂): Chile: Atacama (R-III): 1♂, with same data as holotype and barcode label SEMC 1008466 (SEMC); Coquimbo (R-IV): 1♀, 2♂♂, Coquimbo: Tilama, X-24-1971 [24 October 1971], Rozen & Peña //SEMC 1008463–1008465 (SEMC); 1♀, Elqui: El Tofo, Llande [Llano de la] Higuera, Nov.17, 1991, J.G. Rozen, L. Peña & A. Ugarte // SEMC 1008479 (SEMC); 2♀♀, 2♂♂, Elqui Prov., S 30°09′14.2″, W 70°39′50.6″, 11–30.IX.2004 [11–30 September 2004], Pangue (PCYU).

Additional material (n = 6♀♀, 22♂♂): Chile: Atacama (R-III): 1♀, W of Junta del Toro, 41-CH, km 137, -29.96568, -70.20154, 1716 m, 17.x-14.xii.2013 [17 October–14 December 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 2♀♀, 8 km W of Domeyko (c-500), -28.97934, -70.97232, 659 m, 15.x-30.xii.2014 [15 October–30 December 2014], J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 1♀, 4♂♂, -28.01883, -70.55381, 488 m, 22–25.x.2010 [22–25 October 2010], pan traps, L. Packer (PCYU); 2♂♂, Rd. to Pircas Negras, km 8, -28.12614, -69.76213, 2086 m, 6.xi-11. xii.2013 [6 November–11 December 2013], blue [trap], S. Monckton & J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 1♂, Rd. to Pircas Negras, km 16, -28.06649, -69.73631, 2277 m, 20.x-12.xii.2013 [20 October–12 December 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♂, Rd. to La Serrilla, c-493, km 10.5, -28.24885, -69.74290, 2500 m, 6.xi-10. xii.2013 [6 November–10 December 2013], S. Monckton & J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); Coquimbo (R-IV): 1♀, Los Lavadores, -30.29961, -70.62728, 1396 m, 10–19.ix.2010 [10–19 September 2010], L. Packer (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, same as previous except 19.ix.2010 [19 September 2010], L. Packer (1♀ PCYU, 1♂ PUCV); 1♂, Panam km 232.5, -31.85161, -71.51435, 70 m, 2.ii.2016 [2 February 2016], L. Packer (PCYU); 2♂♂, Hwy 5, N of La Higuera, 20.x.2009 [20 October 2009], net, J. Gibbs (1♂ PCYU, 1♂ MNHN); 1♂, 1.1 km S on road to Tololo Obs., S30.3058, W70.8151, 11–22.x.2009 [11–22 October 2009], J. Gibbs (PCYU); 1♂, S. of Tongoy, R-440, km 5, -30.32008, -71.46635, 124 m, 12.x.2013 [12 October 2013], S. Monckton (PCYU); 3♂♂, Rd. to Playa Blanca, -30.22739, -71.45116, 143 m, 12.x.2013 [12 October 2013], S. Monckton (2♂♂ PCYU, 1♂ BBSL); 4♂♂, same as previous except 18.x.2013 [18 October 2013], S. Monckton (3♂♂ PCYU, 1♂ SEMC); 1♂, Morrillos Ruta 5, km 458, -30.15394, -71.36885, 27 m, 9.xi.2013 [9 November 2013], S. Monckton (PCYU).

Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from confusus (Latin, “disordered”), and in reference to the morphological similarity of this species with S. herbsti, with which it is easily confused.

Distribution: Chile: Atacama (R-III): Huasco; Coquimbo (R-IV): Tilama, Elqui.

Comments: This species appears to be partially sympatric with S. herbsti in Coquimbo. In addition to the characters indicated in the keys and diagnosis, the female of this species differs from that of S. herbsti in the inner orbits of the compound eyes, which are slightly divergent ventrally in S. confusa and subparallel or nearly so in S. herbsti.

Camptopoeum herbsti Friese, 1916: 163 (syntypes ♀♂, ZMHB, seen: Valparaiso, Concon, Chile).

Spinoliella herbsti (Friese): Toro and Ruz, 1972a: 149.

Diagnosis: This species can be recognized easily by the following combination of features: large body size (6–10 mm); female pygidial plate broad, with lateral margins converging toward apex at a 60° angle, apically bifid (fig. 8F); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum usually smooth and shiny (rarely weakly imbricate), with scattered punctures separated by at least a puncture width on disc (fig. 8C); female mesobasitarsus slender, 4.2× longer than broad; and metabasitibial plate not delimited by a border or carina (fig. 8D, E). It resembles S. maculata and S. confusa in the large body size and generally dark brown to black body color. However, in both sexes of S. maculata the mesoscutum and mesoscutellum are minutely punctate (sometimes appearing strongly imbricate at low magnifications) between large, coarse, setiferous punctures; the female pygidial plate is more pointed; and the female metabasitibial plate is delimited by a strong carina. In S. confusa the female pygidial plate is narrow, with sides converging at 40° angle (fig. 6F), the metabasitibial plate is delimited by a strong carina in both sexes (albeit not as well defined in the male), and the male mesoscutum and mesoscutellum are minutely, shallowly punctate between large, coarse, setiferous punctures. Also, the apex of the male pygidal plate is more acute in S. confusa than in that of S. herbsti.

Type material examined: Syntype ♀, Chile, Concon bei Valparaiso, 4 Dezember 1910, Herbst leg. (ZMHB).

Material examined (n = 45♀♀, 73♂♂): Chile: Coquimbo (R-IV): 3♀♀, 10♂♂, Region IV, Qda. Los Litres SW of Tongoy, coast road, 26.x.01 [26 October 2001], Packer & Fraser (1♀, 8♂♂ PCYU, 2♀♀, 2♂♂ SEMC); 5♀♀, 2♂♂, same as previous except inland rd., 24.x.01 [24 October 2001] (PCYU); 1♀, Elqui Prov; Quebrada El Arrayan, 15 km S La Villa, 30°6.27′S, 70°59.41′W, 472 m; 14.x.2003 [14 October 2003]; pan trap; FD Parker, M. Irwin; FDP#5504 (BBSL); 1♂, Elqui Prov., 17 km S Coquimbo, x-4-1994 [4 October 1994], Rozen, Quinter, Ascher (SEMC); 2♀♀, 1♂, Pr. Coquimbo, Carretera Pan-Am a1, sur de La Serena, Int. Biol. Program, 1970–72, leg. A.R. Moldenke (SEMC); 1♀, La Serena, Valle Elqui, Coquimbo Prov., xi.16.1964 [16 November 1964], L.E. Peña (SEMC); 1♂, Coquimbo, Llano de la Higuera, N of El Tofo, x.14.1971 [14 October 1971], Rozen & Peña (SEMC); 3♀♀, Tongoy, 5.x.02 [5 October 2002], J. Grixti & A. Zayed (PCYU); 2♀♀, 14♂♂, same as previous except hill, S30°15.25′, W71°30.30′, 10.x.2002 [10 October 2002] // on Cristaria (PCYU); 6♀♀, same as previous except bright yellow pans, 14.xi.2002 [14 November 2002] (4♀♀ PCYU, 2♀♀ AMNH); 3♀♀, 12♂♂, same as previous except bright blue pans (3♀♀, 11♂♂ PCYU, 1♂ AMNH); 2♀♀, 7♂♂, same as previous except white pans (1♀, 7♂♂ PCYU, 1♀ AMNH); 1♀, 5♂♂, Tongoy Arda Costanera, 26.x.01 [26 October 2001], Packer & Fraser (1♀, 3♂♂ PCYU, 2♂♂ AMNH); 4♂♂, same as previous except 25.x.01 [25 October 2001] (PCYU); 1♀, Los Vilos, 11.xi.01 [11 November 2001], R.E. Owen (PCYU); 1♂, same as previous except Caleta Los Lobos, 26.x.01 [26 October 2001], L. Packer & Fraser (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, nr. Tonogy camping, S30°15.87′, W71°29.63′, 14.xi.2002 [14 November 2002] // on Cristaria (PCYU); 2♀♀, 4♂♂, 14 km W of Barrancas, nr Guanaqueros, 10.x.00 [10 October 2000], L. Packer (PCYU); 1♂, 9 km S Vicuna, -30.0444,-70.81889, 600 m, 7.x.2008 [7 October 2008], K.S. Ramos, PCYU-KCC-10018 (PCYU); 3♀♀, 4♂♂, Rd to Playa Blanca, -30.22739, -71.45116, 143 m, 18.x.2013 [18 October 2013], S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♀, S of Tongoy, R-440, km 6.5, -30.27196, -71.48252, 20 m, 18.x.2013 [18 October 2013], S. Monckton (PCYU); 2♀♀, 1♂, W of Guanaqueros, km 10, -30.24076, -71.44662, 67 m, 18.x.2013 [18 October 2013], S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♀, Morrillos Ruta 5, km 458, -30.15394, -71.36885, 27 m, 9.xi.2013 [9 November 2013], S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♀, 1.1 km S on road to Tololo Obs., S30.3058, W70.8151, 11–22.x.2009 [11–2 October 2009], J. Gibbs (PCYU); 3♂♂, Coast S of Los Vilos, -31.93100, -71.51349, 8 m, 10.xi.2013 [10 November 2013], S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♂, Rd to Los Choros, -29.34297, -71.15532, 232 m, 8.xi-13.xii.2013 [8 November–13 December 2013], S. Monckton & J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, Limari Prov, Fray Jorge Ntl Park, Queb. Las Vacas, 2 km NW Admin, 1–3Oct '97, pantrap Irwin/Schlinger 170 m, 30.6710°S, 71.6421°W (SEMC); Valparaíso (R-V): 3♀♀, 2♂♂, Pr. Aconcagua, Papudo/Zapallar site, Int. Biol. Program, leg. A.R. Moldenke (SEMC).

Distribution: Chile: Coquimbo (R-IV): Coquimbo, Elqui, Limari; Valparaíso (R-V): Valparaíso.

Floral record: Cristaria sp. (Malvaceae).

Comments: The following variations, sometimes among specimens from the same locality, were noted in the color of the body pubescence as well as in the yellow or sometimes cream integumental maculation: pubescence ranging from yellowish, light reddish brown to white; pronotal lobe sometimes maculate; distal margin of mesoscutellum and metanotum with thin yellow band sometimes diffuse (often absent in the male); tibiae and tarsi dark reddish brown with reduced maculation or entirely yellow; and discs of female T3–T5 with bands often medially interrupted. Specimens of both sexes from Tongoy (Elqui Province) are sometimes lighter in color than specimens from other localities, particularly in the legs (tibiae and tarsi largely yellow) and metasoma (light reddish brown with cream maculation). Some males from the Province of Limari (Region IV) are significantly larger (~10 mm in body length), with the inner compound eye orbits distinctly diverging ventrally; also, the mesoscutum and mesoscutellum are weakly imbricate in some specimens and thus they are easily confused with S. confusa. However, in S. confusa the mesoscutum and mesoscutellum are minutely punctate, the apex of the pygidial plate is more acute, and the metabasitibial plate is bordered by a strong ridge and is sparsely punctate on the disc (metabasitibial plate bordered by a weak ridge and densely punctate in S. herbsti).

Spinoliella herbsti occurs in central Chile whereas S. confusa occurs toward the north, in regions III and IV. Both species appear to occur in sympatry in Coquimbo (Region IV).

Spinoliella incudinotata Compagnucci, 2015: 78 (holotype ♀, MACN: Neuquén, Argentina).

Diagnosis: This Argentinean species can be recognized by the following combination of traits: small body size (5–6 mm); frons, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and propodeum weakly shiny, strongly imbricate-reticulate among large, setiferous punctures (fig. 9A, B); most of tibiae and tarsi of all legs entirely yellow; forewing with membrane hyaline, pterostigma, and veins light yellow; metabasitibial plate in both sexes asetose on disc, not delimited by a distinct border or carina; metanotum maculate; terga usually light reddish brown (fig. 9C), contrasting with the black head and mesosoma; and male T2–T5 with depressed marginal zones densely covered by long, appressed, minutely branched white setae laterally (appearing as poorly developed fasciae: fig. 9C). It resembles S. aidae and S. tadeyi in the small body size; however, in those species the female mesobasitarsus is more robust, at most 3.5× longer than broad (slender, at least 3.9× longer than broad in S. incudinotata), and in both sexes the head and mesosoma are largely impunctate in the first species and densely punctate in the second. The body color is similar to that of S. rufiventris, but this species is larger (6.0–7.0 mm in body length), the forewing membrane is yellowish with the pterostigma and veins brownish, and the male T2–T5 have depressed marginal zones with minute, appressed, simple, light ferruginous setae throughout.

Material examined (n = 21♀♀, 25♂♂): Argentina: Catamarca: 4♀♀, 3♂♂, San Fernando, November 3–6, 1989, J.G. Rozen & A. Roig // on mallow (AMNH, SEMC); 1♀, 1♂, same as previous except Nov. 30–Dec 1, 1989 (AMNH); 2♂♂, same as previous except March 7, 1990 //on Leconophera heterophylla [sic: Lecanophora heterophylla] (AMNH); 1♂, Rio Belen, 17 Oct 97, pan traps, M. Irwin, F. Parker, S. Roig, 27.3065°S, 66.8938°W (collection); 1♀, 1♂, Punta Balasto, Fritz, I.92 [January 1992] (AMNH); 1♀, same as previous except Peña, 2.92 [February 1992] (AMNH); 2♀♀, Santa Maria, Punta Balasto, 40 km S., 24 I-1986 [24 January 1986], J.L. Neff // on flowers of Leconophora heterophylla [sic: Lecanophora heterophylla] // SEMC 1008551-52 (SEMC); 1♀, Punta de Balasto, February 10, 1983, Luis E. Peña, SEMC 1008555 (SEMC); 1♀, 3♂♂, Tinogasta, March 8, 1990, Rozen & Roig, on Tarasa autofugastina [sic: Tarasa antofagastana] (AMNH); 1♀, 1♂, 28 km SE Tinogasta, 15 Oct 1997, dunes, M. Irwin, F. Parker, S. Roig, 28.2450°S, 67.4557°W (1♀ BBSL, 1♂ SEMC); 2♀♀, same as previous except 15–19 Oct 97, malaise (BBSL); 1♂, same as previous except 20 Oct 1997, dunes (BBSL); Mendoza: 1♂, Mendoza, Malargue: E. Soseanodo, 10 km S, 19-i-2000 [19 January 2000], J.L. Neff // on flowers of Cristaria sp. (SEMC); Río Negro: 5♀♀, 8♂♂, Rio Negro, Choele Choel, U. & M. Fritz, 12.97 [December 1997] // SEMC 1008505-06 (4♀♀, 6♂♂ AMNH, 1♀, 2♂♂ SEMC); Salta: 1♀, 2♂♂, NW, 10.II.2006 [10 February 2006], Salta Prov., Los Medanos, Cafayate env., Salta 155 km, SW S26°03′, W65°54′, Czech expedition 2006 (JSPC); La Pampa: 1♀, 1♂, Puelen, Nov 9, 1987, L. Peña (AMNH).

Distribution: Argentina: Catamarca, Mendoza, Neuquén Río Negro, Salta, and La Pampa. Localities from Neuquén were not among material we examined (refer to Compagnucci, 2015).

Floral records: Cristaria sp.; Lecanophora heterophylla (Cav.) Krapov.; Tarasa antofagastana (Phil.) Krapov. (all Malvaceae).

Comments: This species was previously known from Neuquén and Catamarca. The additional records presented here suggest a wider distribution in sand dunes as indicated on some specimen labels. The metasoma in some specimens is dark brown, not light reddish brown or orange. Males with this coloration will run in the key to the Chilean species S. rozeni because of the small body size. In addition to their geographical distribution, they can be easily separated by the sculpturing of the mesoscutum and mesoscutellum, which are duller than in S. incudinotata and with contiguous, minute punctures or alveoli.

Spinoliella (Spinoliella) longirostris Toro, 1995: 105 (holotype ♂, AMNH, seen: Qda. De Taltal, Region II, Chile).

Diagnosis: This species can be recognized easily by the following combination of features: small body size (5–6 mm); clypeus, in facial view, distinctly projected ventrally in both sexes (fig. 10), beginning at about the inferior tangent of compound eyes in the male and projecting by more than half its length in the female; male glossa distinctly long, surpassing posterior margin of procoxae in repose; female pygidial plate narrow, with lateral margins converging toward apex at a 40° angle, narrowly rounded at apex; frons, mesoscutum, and mesoscutellum finely, contiguously punctate to alveolate, punctures or alveoli often faint on female mesoscutellar disc (thus appearing weakly imbricate); female mesobasitarsus robust, about 3.0× longer than broad; metabasitibial plate depressed on disc, setose, delimited by a strong border or carina in the female, flat, asetose, and without distinct border in the male; and female outer metatibial spur distinctly curved apically. It resembles S. aidae, S. tadeyi, and S. psamita in the small body size and general body color. However, in the female of the first two species the pygidial plate is apically bifid and the outer metatibial spur is apically straight; in the female of S. psamita the clypeus projects below the inferior tangent of the compound eyes by about one-half its length and the facial maculations are often abundant (reduced to nearly absent in S. longirostris). The male of S. longirostris can be separated easily from that of those species and any other Spinoliella by the distinctive clypeus and long glossa.

Type material examined (n = 1♀, 2♂♂): Holotype ♂, Chile, Region II [Antofagasta], Qda. de Taltal, 20-x-1993 [20 October 1993], E. Chiappa (AMNH). Allotype ♀, Chile, Region II [Antofagasta], 20 km N. Paposo, 27-x-1993 [27 October 1993], E. Chiappa (AMNH). Paratype 1♂, Chile, Region II [Antofagasta], 20 km N. Paposo, 13-ix-1993 [13 September 1993], E. Chiappa, en Nolana paradoxa (AMNH).

Material examined (n = 1♀, 10♂♂): Chile: Tarapacá (R-I): 1♀, 2♂♂ Region I, E. Pozo Almonte, -20.27720, -69.23552, 2358 m, 17.x.2013 [17 May 2013] (PCYU); Atacama (R-III): 1♂, 46 km E, Diego de A [Almagro] [Chañaral Province, Atacama], Nolana (PCYU); 1♂, Region III, Chañaral Pan. Am. Hwy km 1005, 24.x.01 [24 October 2001], L.Packer (PCYU); 4♂♂, Potrerillos turnoff km 1.7, 19.x.2015 [19 October 2015], L. Packer, ex. Nolana (1♂ PCYU, 1♂, MNHN, 1♂ PUCV, 1♂ SEMC); 1♂, W. of Potrerillos, -26.40334, -69.60739, 1805 m, 19.x.2015 [19 October 2015], L. Packer, ex. Nolana (PCYU); 1♂, Cuesta Montandon, -26.45214, -69.33440, 2771 m, 19.x.2015 [19 October 2015], L. Packer (PCYU).

Distribution: Chile: Tarapacá (R-I): Tamarugal; Antofagasta (R-II): Antofagasta; Atacama (R-III): Chañaral.

Floral records: Nolana paradoxa Lindl. (Solanaceae); Cistanthe salsoloides (Barneoud) Carolin ex M.A. Hershkovitz (Portulacaceae); Cristaria gracilis Gay (Malvaceae) (Toro, 1995).

Camptopaeum [sic] maculatum Spinola, 1851: 197 (syntypes ♀♂, MSNT, seen: central and northern provinces, Chile).

Camptopoeum difficile Friese, 1916: 165 (syntypes ♀♂, ZMHB, AMNH, seen: Concon, Chile).

Camptopoeum reedi Cockerell, 1917: 165 (syntypes ♀♂, USNM, seen: Santiago, Chile). Spinoliella maculata (Spinola); Michener, 1953: 35.

Ruizapis maculata (Spinola); Herrera and Etcheverry, 1960: 64.

Diagnosis: This species can be recognized easily by the following combination of traits: large body size (8–9 mm); female pygidial plate broad, with lateral margins converging toward apex at a 60° angle, apically bifid; frons, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with minute, contiguous punctures among scattered, larger setiferous punctures (fig. 11D); female mesobasitarsus slender, about 3.5× longer than broad; metabasitibial plate slightly depressed and asetose on disc, delimited by a distinct border or carina in the female (fig. 11B), that of male flat, with scattered, minute setae on disc and without a distinct border (fig. 11C); depressed apical margins of T5 and T6 covered by decumbent setae, except at most on apical third; and female outer metatibial spur straight apically. It closely resembles S. opaca and S. propinqua in the body size, female pygidial plate apically bifid, sculpturing of frons and mesoscutum, and general body color (dark brown to black with lateral spots on basal four terga). However, in S. opaca the facial fovea is weakly impressed, about the same width across its length in the female, and as an inverted teardrop in the male (in S. maculata the facial fovea is strongly impressed, forming a groove, and medially wider in the female, elongate in the male); the apical margins of terga are translucent in both sexes; the distal margin of clypeus is straight (medially projected in S. maculata); the male clypeus projects about one-half width of the compound eye in profile view (about onethird in S. maculata); and the male labrum has coarse punctures on its distal half (more finely punctate in S. maculata) (see also comparative comments for S. opaca). Spinoliella propinqua can be separated by the mesoscutum and mesoscutellum shinier in the female, with micropuntures shallow and often faint, particularly on the disc of mesoscutum; the apex of the pygidial plate more acute in both sexes; and depressed apical margins of T5 and T6 largely asetose, decumbent setae present at most on basal half.

Type material examined (n = 4♀♀, 2♂♂): Syntype ♀ [maculata], [Chile] (MSNT). Syntype ♂ [difficile], Chile, Concon bei Valparaiso, 4 Dezember 1910, Herbst leg. (ZMHB). Syntype ♀ [difficile], Chile, Concon bei Valparaiso, 4 Dezember 1910, Herbst leg. (AMNH). Syntype ♀ [reedi], Chile, Santiago, E. Titus (USNM). Syntype ♀, ♂ [reedi], Chile, Santiago, E.C. Reed (USNM).

Material examined (n = 11♀♀, 18♂♂): Chile: Coquimbo (R-IV): 1♀, Coquimbo, Chigualoco, nr. Los Vilos, 12–14-x-1984 [12–14 October 1984], C. Porter & T. O'Neill //SEMC1008497 (SEMC); 2♀♀, 2♂♂, Region IV, Los Vilos, 31°55′256″, 071°31′019″ to 31°56′556″, 071°31′288″, 115–37 ft, Coastal path, 13.xii.06 [13 December 2006], L.Packer (PCYU); 7♂♂, Los Vilos, Caleta Los Lobos, 26.x.01 [26 October 2001], L. Packer & Fraser (PCYU); 1♂, same as previous except Choapa, Nov.18.1991, J.G. Rozen, L. Peña & A. Ugarte, on Cristeria [sic: Cristaria] (AMNH); 3♀♀, same as previous except Pichilemu, 34°23.1′S, 72°02′W, 04.Dec.2003, net, FD Parker, FDP#10887, 10909, 10925 // BBSL698198–200 (BBSL); 4♀♀, 3♂♂, Coqimbo [sic], Limari, Prov. Fundo Agua Amarilla, 7 km N. Los Vilos, 31.8493°S, 71.4933°W, 58 m, 11–28 Oct 2003, M.E Irwin, Malaise trap (3♀♀, 2♂♂ BBSL, 1♀, 1♂ SEMC); Valparaíso (R-V): 1♂, Regiao V, Concon, -32.916667, -71.5, 60 m, 21.x.2008 [21 October 2008], K.S. Ramos, PCYUKCC-10045 (PCYU); Maule (R-VII): 3♂♂, Region VII, N. of Tregualemu, viaduct, 35°56′048″, 072°43′099″, 96 ft, 17.xii.06 [17 December 2006], L. Packer (PCYU); 1♂, same as previous except 35°56′948″, 072°44′613″, 93 ft (PCYU); Región Metropolitana (R-M): 1♀, Santiago, xii-1948 [December 1948] //SEMC1008495 (SEMC).

Distribution: Chile: Coquimbo (R-IV): Choapa, Limari; Valparaiso (R-V): Valparaiso; Region Metropolitana (RM): Santiago; Maule (R-VII).

Floral record: Cristaria sp. (Malvaceae).

Camptopaeum [sic] nomadoides Spinola 1851: 196 (syntype ♀♀, MSNT, seen: central and northern provinces, Chile).

Spinoliella nomadoides (Spinola); Ashmead, 1899: 86.

Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished by the combination of its larger body size (7–8 mm); compound eye inner orbits ventrally divergent in both sexes (fig. 12A, B); female pygidial plate narrow, with lateral margins converging toward apex at a 40° angle, apically truncate; male mandible arcuate, with small preapical tooth; frons, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum finely punctate to alveolate among large, scattered setiferous punctures, micropunctures or alveoli often faint on female mesoscutellar disc (thus appearing imbricate) (fig. 12C); female mesobasitarsus robust, about 3.3× longer than broad; metabasitibial plate depressed on disc, setose, delimited by a strong border or carina in both sexes (fig. 12E); female outer metatibial spur distinctly curved apically (fig. 12D); and metasoma light reddish brown distinctly contrasting with dark brown to black head and mesosoma. It resembles S. rufiventris and S. ruzi in the body color and size, and in the sculpturing of frons, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum; however, in those species the female pygidial plate is apically bifid, the metabasitibial plate is slightly depressed on the disc but not delimited by a strong border or carina, the female outer metatibial spur is apically straight, and the male mandible is straight, without a preapical tooth.

Type material examined: Syntype ♀, [Chile] (MSNT).

Material examined (n = 3♀♀, 6♂♂): Chile: Atacama (R-III): 2♂♂, Atacama, Q. Maitencillo, SW of Vallenar, October 11, 1980, Luis E. Peña // AMNH_BEE00194212 (1♂ AMNH, 1♂ SEMC); 1♂, Region III, Rd. N of Huasco, km 72, -27.88955, -71.08239, 216 m, 14.x-07.xi.2013 [14 May–7 June 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); Coquimbo (R-IV): 2♀♀, Region IV, Caleta Los Hornos S of La Higuera, yellow pans, 11.x.97 [11 October 1997], L. Packer (PCYU); 1♀, Vicuna, 15-Oct-1972, H. Toro Col. // AMNH_ BEE00194213 (AMNH); 1♂, same as previous except 18-Oct 1972, Cabezas Col. // AMNH_BEE00194211 (AMNH); 1♂, Elqui, km 6 S Vicuna, Oct 20, 1991, J.G. Rozen, L. Peña & A. Ugarte // AMNH_BEE00194210 (AMNH). Bío Bío (R-VIII): 1♂, Ñuble Prov., Las Trancas, 1200 m, L. Peña, on cactus flowers (SEMC).

Distribution: Chile: Atacama (R-III): Atacama; Coquimbo (R-IV): Elqui; Bío Bío (R-VIII): Nuble.

Floral record: A single male has been captured at flowers of an unidentified species of cactus (Cactaceae).

Comments: The arcuate male mandible with a small preapical tooth of this species is unique among Spinoliella. Such a mandible resembles that of species of Arhysosage (see Engel, 2000).

Spinoliella obscura Compagnucci, 2015: 80 (holotype ♀, MACN: San Fernando, Catamarca, Argentina).

Diagnosis: The female of this Argentinean species can be recognized by the following combination of features: pygidial plate with apex rounded, not bifid; outer metatibial spur straight; frons, mesoscutum, and mesoscutellum smooth and shiny, largely impunctate; tibiae and tarsi yellow; and terga dark reddish brown with a small lateral spot on basal three terga. Based on the characters indicated in the original description, the male of this species will run to S. aidae in our key.

Material examined (n = 2♀♀): Argentina: Catamarca: 1♀, Catamarca, 10 km S. Copacabana near Tinogastra, 03-08-1990 [3 August 1990], Rozen & Roig-Alsina colls. (AMNH); San Juan: 1♀, 16 km W. Media Agua, 11-09-1998 [11 September 1998], Rozen & Navarrete colls., on plant # 1 (Heliotropium) (SEMC).

Distribution: Argentina: Catamarca, San Juan.

Floral record: Heliotropium L. (Boraginaceae).

Comments: This species was previously known from San Fernando, Catamarca, the type locality.

Spinoliella (Peniella) opaca Rodríguez, Toro, and Ruz, 2001: 101 (holotype ♂, PUCV, seen: Quebrada Los Choros, Coquimbo, Region IV, Chile).

Diagnosis: Both sexes of this species are most similar to S. maculata and S. propinqua. It can be separated from both species by the following combination of traits: T1–T5 with depressed apical margins semitranslucent (fig. 13C); facial fovea shallow, not forming a distinct groove, about the same width across its length in the female (fig. 13A), as an inverted teardrop in the male; male clypeus projecting about one-half width of compound eye in profile view; and male labrum with coarse punctures on its distal half (fig. 13B).

Type material examined (n = 1♀, 1♂): Holotype ♂, Chile, Region IV, Quebrada Los Choros, Coquimbo, 12-x-1977 [12 October 1977], E. de la Hoz (PUCV). Allotype ♀, Region IV, Choros Bajos, Coquimbo, 12-x-1977 [12 October 1977], J.C. Magunacelaya (PUCV).

Material examined (n = 164♀♀, 155♂♂): Chile: Atacama (R-III): 5♀♀, 1♂, Huasco Prov. [Atacama, Region III] 5 km N Incahuasi, rd to Mina Los Cristales 990 m, pantrap MIrwin/DYeates, 29.1899°S, 71.0204°W (5♀♀, 1♂ BBSL, 1♀ SEMC); 4♀♀, 9♂♂, Region III, Tres Playitas, 10 km N of Huasco Bajo, 13.x.01 [13 October 2001], L. Packer (PCYU); 1♀, 2♂♂, Region III, 11 km WNW Choros Bajos, 14.x.01 [14 October 2001], L. Packer (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, Region III, Parque Nacional Llanos de Challe, Carrizal Bajo, 21.x.01 [21 October 2001], L. Packer (PCYU); 2♀♀, 1♂, Região III, Huasco Bajo, -28.454167, -71.179167, 10.x.2008 [10 October 2008], K.S. Ramos, PCYU-KCC10035-36 (PCYU); 1♂, Region III, NE Aguada de Tongoy, -28.51248, -71.16625, ix.14.2010 [14 September 2010], L. Packer, 110 m (PCYU); 1♀, Region III, Quebrada del Potrero, S26.85656, W70.66392, v-1-2010 [1 May 2010], Packer & Fraser, 348 m (PCYU); 12♀♀, 11♂♂, 8 km W of Domeyko (c-500), -28.97934, -70.97232, 669 m, 15.x-30. xi.2014 [15 October–30 November 2014], J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 1♂, 7.3 km W of Domeyko, -28.97834, -70.96402, 648 m, 22.x.2010 [22 October 2010], L. Packer & E. Almeida (PCYU); 26♀♀, 26♂♂, Rd N of Huasco, km 18, -28.32476, -71.15281, 62 m, 14.x-17.xi.2013 [14 October–17 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (25♀♀, 25♂♂ PCYU, 1♀, 1♂ BBSL); 7♀♀, 2♂♂, Rd N of Huasco, km 39, -28.14721, -71.15618, 37 m, 14.x-7.xi.2013 [14 October–7 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, Rd N of Huasco, km 11, -28.38215, -71.1625, 86 m, 19.x-7.xi.2013 [19 October–7 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♀, 4♂♂, Rd N of Huasco, km 52, -28.04383, -71.12875, 65 m, 14.x-7.xi.2013 [14 October–7 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♀, Rd N of Huasco, km 67.2, -27.92718, -71.08508, 169 m, 14.x-7.xi.2013 [14 October–7 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 4♀♀, 7♂♂, N of Huasco, -28.44019, -71.18803, 26 m, 1–14.x.2013 [1–14 October 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (3♀♀, 5♂♂ PCYU, 1♀, 2♂♂ SEMC); 1♂, same as previous except -28.44019, -71.18803, 26 m, 19.x.2013 [19 October 2013], S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♂, same as previous except -28.43612, -71.18459, 87 m, 1–14.x. 2013 [1–14 October 2013], blue cup, J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♂, same as previous except 14.x-7.xi. 2013 [14 October–7 November 2013], blue cup, S. Monckton & J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 1♂, 1.8 km of Huasco Bajo, -28.4689, -71.1808, 19.x.2009 [19 October 2009], net, J. Gibbs (PCYU); 7♀♀, 7♂♂, Huasco Prov., Chañar de Aceituno, S29°01′40.6″, W71°24′13.0″, 20.ix.2003 [20 September 2003], A. Ugarte (PCYU); 3♀♀, 1♂, same as previous except S28°57′12.3″, W71°20′49.9″, 18.ix.2003 [18 September 2003], A. Ugarte (PCYU); 2♀♀, 1♂, Las Dunas de Los Choros, -29.24004, -71.43084, 20 m, 13.x-8. xi.2013 [13 October–8 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 2♂♂, same as previous except blue cup (PCYU); 1♂, Coleta Totoral, -27.85161, -71.08409, 14 m, 1–14.x.2013 [1–14 October 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 2♀♀, Caleta Carrizalillo, -29.10981, -71.4613, 11 m, 8.xi-13. xii.2013 [8 November–13 December 2013], S. Monckton & J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 9♀♀, 9♂♂, same as previous except 13.x-8.xi.2013 [13 October–8 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♀, E of Carrizalillo, c-500, km 53.3, -28.998822, -71.37874, 208 m, 8.xi-13. xii.2013 [8 November–13 December 2013], S. Monckton & J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 1♂, same as previous except 13.x-8.xi.2013 [13 October–8 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, Caleta Apolillado, 18 m, -29.1826, -71.48815, 8.xi-13.xii.2020 [sic: 2014] [8 November–13 December 2014], S. Monckton & J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 1♂, same as previous except 13.x-8.xi.2013 [13 October–8 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); Coquimbo (R-IV): 22♀♀, 17♂♂, Region IV, Los Choros, white pans, 25.x.2002 [25 October 2002], J. Grixti & A. Zayed (20♀♀, 15♂♂ PCYU, 2♀♀, 2♂♂ SEMC); 18♀♀, 10♂♂, same as previous except bright blue pans (15♀♀, 9♂♂ PCYU, 3♀♀, 1♂ AMNH); 2♂♂, same as previous except blue pans (1♂ PCYU, 1♂ AMNH); 3♀♀, 3♂♂, same as previous except yellow pans (PCYU); 2♂♂, same as previous except -29.31303, -71.29369, 13.ix.2010 [13 September 2010], 145 m, L. Packer (PCYU); 3♀♀, 6♂♂, Tongoy, bright blue plans, 14.xi.2002 [14 November 2002], J. Grixti & A. Zayed (PCYU); 1♀, same as previous except white pans (PCYU); 11♀♀, 6♂♂, Bahia Tongoy, S of Camping Conrad, 26.x.01 [26 October 2001], L. Packer (10♀♀, 5♂♂ PCYU, 1♀, 1♂ SEMC); 4♀♀, 1♂, same as previous except Qda. Los Litres coast road, 26.x.01 [26 October 2001], L. Packer (3♀♀, 1♂ PCYU, 1♀ SEMC); 6♀♀, 8♂♂, same as previous except sand dunes, Qda. Los Almendras, 24.x.01 [24 October 2001], Packer & Fraser (PCYU); 2♀♀, Region IV, 1 km W of Choros Bajos, 14.xi.01 [14 November 2001], L. Packer (AMNH); 1♀, Coquimbo, Choros Bajos, 22 October 1988, Luis E. Peña (SEMC); 1♂, Coquimbo, Los Loritos, N of Choros Bajos, 20 October 1983, Luis E. Peña (AMNH); 1♀, Coquimbo, El Topo [Tofo], 100 m, 6 November 1956, R. Wagenknecht (SEMC); 1♀, Elqui Prov., 17 km S Coquimbo, x-4-1994 [4 October 1994], Rozen, Quinter, Ascher (SEMC); 1♂, Region IV, W of Barrancas, 10.x.00 [10 October 2000], L. Packer (AMNH); 1♂, Region IV, 2km N. La Higuera, S29°29.61, W71°13.39′, 16.xi.2002 [16 November 2002], J. Grixti & A. Zayed (PCYU); 2♂♂, Carrizal Bajo, x.00 [October 2000], L. Packer (PCYU).

Distribution: Chile: Atacama (R-III): Huasco; Coquimbo (R-IV): Coquimbo, Elqui.

Comments: This species is easily recognized by the characters listed and illustrated in the original description (Rodríguez et al., 2001). Some specimens of both sexes from Tongoy (Region IV) are larger than those from other localities, and the metasomal terga of the female are also more maculated, with T2 to T4, and sometimes T5, having a complete band to a medially separated band (each tergum with sublateral maculation in S. opaca from other localities).

Diagnosis: Both sexes of this species are most similar to S. psamita. Spinoliella packeri can be separated from that species by the punctation of the mesoscutum and mesoscutellum, which is finely and contiguously punctate-alveolate among large, sparse setiferous punctures (fig. 14B). In S. psamita the punctures of both mesoscutum and mesoscutellum are fainter than in S. packeri (e.g., cf. fig. 19B), and thus it appears shinier and imbricate, particularly on the disc of mesoscutellum. Also, both sexes of S. packeri are larger than those of S. psamita (head width 1.6–1.9 vs. 1.4–1.6 mm), and maculation is often absent from the male metasoma of S. packeri (T1–T4 with large lateral maculation in S. psamita). The hypostomal projection in S. packeri is particularly strongly pronounced (fig. 15B), while in S. psamita it is present but much smaller.

Description: Female. Body length 6.5 mm (5.5–6.5 mm); forewing length 3.9 mm (3.8–3.9 mm); head width 1.7 mm (1.6–1.8 mm). Head 1.2× wider than long; inner orbits of compound eyes slightly diverging ventrally (fig. 14A); intertorular distance 2.5× OD, about 1.3× greater than torulorbital distance; torulus diameter about equal to OD; ocellocular distance 1.9× OD, about as long as ocelloccipital distance; interocellar distance 2.4× OD, 1.2× greater than ocellocular distance; compound eye about twice as long as wide; clypeus 2.9× broader than long, with apex surpassing inferior tangent of compound eyes by about half of its length, projected about 0.4× compound eye width in lateral view; gena 0.7× width of compound eye in profile, widest medially; inner subantennal sulcus about one-half length of outer subantennal sulcus; facial fovea about 7.5× longer than broad, 1.8× longer than scape, deep, forming a groove, about 0.7× width of scape ventrally, progressively becoming narrower (0.5× width of scape) dorsally; scape 3.1× longer than broad; pedicel slightly shorter than F1, about as long as broad; F1 about twice as long as F2, slightly longer than broad; F2 about as long as F3; remaining flagellomeres broader than long, except last flagellomere longer than broad. Protibial spur with apical portion of rachis about two-thirds length of malus, with distinct row of eight elongate branches (not including apical portion of rachis); mesotibial spur straight, 0.6× mesobasitarsus length; mesobasitarsus robust, 2.7× longer than broad; metatibia 3.6× longer than broad; outer metatibial spur 0.6× length of inner, distinctly curved apically, inner spur straight, about 1.8× longer than outer spur; metabasitibial plate concave on disc, delimited by strong border (fig. 14D); metabasitarsus 5.0× longer than broad, about 0.6× length of metatibia. Pygidial plate with apex narrowly rounded, not bifid.

Head and mesosoma black (fig. 14A–C, 14E), except galea, maxillary and labial palpi yellow, apical half of mandibles and labrum (yellow) dark reddish brown, and cream to yellowish maculations as follows: mandible basally; clypeus except basally on disc; supraclypeal area; paraclypeal swelling; subantennal area; ventral surfaces of scape, pedicel, and flagellum; dorsal surface of pronotum with small lateral spot; pronotal lobe; distal margins of mesoscutellum and metanotum (entirely absent on both or with small maculation on metanotum); apices of femora; outer surface of protibia, apices and bases of meso- and metatibia; tarsi of all legs; humeral sclerite; T1 and T2 with medially interrupted bands, gap between bands about onefourth to one-third of transversal width of lateral band (broadly separated on T2); T3–T5 each with a complete band notched medially on anterior margin (medially separated on T3 and T4, deeply notched to medially separated on T5). Terga dark brown on discs, distal margins translucent brownish; sterna light reddish brown with diffuse brown spots laterally. Tegula translucent yellowish; wing membranes brownish, with weak green and copper highlights, veins dark brown.

Body pubescence as described for S. aidae (see above).

Outer surface of mandible distally and basal area of labrum smooth and shiny, impunctate; clypeus imbricate among faint punctures on disc, becoming smooth and shiny apically, punctures separated by 1–2× a puncture width on disc, denser laterally; paraclypeal swelling and subantennal area impunctate; supraclypeal area imbricate as on base of clypeus, with small punctures separated by 1–2× a puncture width; lower paraocular area largely impunctate, with smaller and sparser punctures than on supraclypeal area; paraocular area lateral to facial fovea shiny, weakly imbricate with scattered setiferous punctures; remaining areas of face including vertex dull, minutely and contiguously punctate-alveolate among large, scattered (2–3× a puncture width) setiferous punctures; gena and hypostomal area shiny, imbricate with faint, scattered punctures. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum weakly shiny, finely and contiguously punctatealveolate among large, sparse (2–4× a puncture width) setiferous punctures (fig. 14D), as on face. Remaining areas of mesosoma, including legs, imbricate except mesepisternum dorsally and base of propodeum alveolate. Metasoma strongly imbricate with minute, scattered punctures on terga, punctures coarser and denser on sterna and terminal terga.

Male. As in female except pubescence longer and denser, clypeus and gena more strongly imbricate, and the following: body length 5.0–6.4 mm; forewing length 3.6–3.9 mm; head width 1.7–1.9 mm. Head 1.2–1.3× wider than long; ocellocular distance 2.1× OD, 0.7× ocelloccipital distance; compound eye 2.1× longer than wide; clypeus 3.2× broader than long, projected about 0.3× compound eye width in lateral view; gena 0.9× width of compound eye in profile; facial fovea weakly impressed, linear, slitlike, about 9.3× longer than broad, one-fourth width of scape, 0.8× length of scape; scape 2.8× longer than broad; pedicel slightly longer than F1, F1 about as long as broad, slightly longer than F2 and F3 individually, F2 and F3 broader than long as remaining flagellomeres; hypostomal carina projecting anteriorly (fig. 15B); mandible with large, triangular basal tooth on upper margin (fig. 15A, B). Metatibia 4.3× longer than broad; mesobasitarsus 5.4× longer than broad; metabasitibial plate as in figure 15D; outer metatibial spur straight, inner spur about 1.6× longer than the outer. Pygidial plate with apex pointed. Metasomal S7, S8, and genital capsule as in figure 15G–J.

Metasoma dark brown to black often without distinct yellow or cream maculation, sometimes with small, diffuse maculations laterally on T2 and T3, depressed apical margins yellowish to light reddish brown, particularly on basal three terga (fig. 15F).

Holotype: ♀, Chile: Quebrada Cardones [Arica and Parinacota (R-XV)], -18.45698, -69.77264, 2378 m, 17.iv.2012 [17 April 2012], L. Packer (PCYU).

Paratypes (n = 20♀♀, 25♂♂): Chile: Tarapacá (R-I): 3♂♂, Region I, 71 km E Pozo Almonte, -20.29732, -69.14223, 2969 m, 14–21. iv.2012 [14–21 April 2012], pan trap, L. Packer (2♂♂ PCYU, 1♂ SEMC); Arica and Parinacota (R-XV): 3♀♀, 7♂♂, Quebrada Cardones, 2378 m, 13.v.2012 [13 May 2012], L. Packer (3♀♀, 6♂♂ PCYU, 1♂ SEMC); 1♂, same as previous except -18.45698, -69.77264, 17.iv.2012 [17 April 2012], 2378 m (PCYU); 3♀♀, same as previous except -18.44759, -69.76234, 2443 m, 17.vi.2012 [17 June 2012], pan trap (1♀ MNHN, 1♀ PUCV, 1♀ SEMC); 4♂♂, same as previous except 18.vi.2012 [18 June 2012] (PCYU); 2♀♀, same as previous except -18.4378, -69.74481, 2618 m, Cacabus flavus (PCYU); 4♂♂, same as previous except 17.iv.12 [17 April 2012] (PCYU); 8♀♀, 2♂♂, same as previous except 17.iv.2012 [17 April 2012], blue vane trap, L. Packer (2♀♀, 2♂♂ PCYU, 2♀♀ MNHN, 2♀♀ PUCV, 1♀ BBSL, 1♀ SEMC); 4♀♀, 4♂♂, same as previous except pan traps (PCYU).

Additional material: (n = 6♀♀, 34♂♂): Chile: Tarapacá (R-I): 4♀♀, 1♂, Region I, E. Pozo Almonte, -20.27720, -69.23552, 2358 m, 17.x.2013 [17 May 2013] (PCYU); 5♂♂, Mamiña [Mamiña, Tarapacá], vertedero, -20.06175, -69.22181, 2660 m, 16–21.iv.2012 [16–21 April 2012], pan traps, L. Packer (PCYU); Antofagasta (R-II): 1♂, Region II, (WP: 77), E. of Calama, Hwy B-159, km 7, -22.34715, -68.34889, 3000 m, 02.iv–27.iv.2013 [2–27 April 2013], white cup, S. Monckton & J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 1♂, Gautin near San Pedro de Atacama, S22°45, W06804, 3255m, pans, iv.04 [April 2004], L. Packer (PCYU); 1♂, NW of SP [San Pedro] de Atacama, 23-CH, km 87.6, -22.90294, -68.26608, 2573 m, 28.iv–03.v.2013 [28 April–3 May 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♂, E of SP [San Pedro] de Atacama, 27-CH, km 19.9, -22.91061, -68.00141, 3045 m, 24.i-6. iv.2013 [24 January–6 April 2013], lt. blue [light blue pan trap], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♀, 4♂♂, (WP: 1115), 50 km SW of Peine, -24.09683, -68.29408, 3060 m, 02.iv.2013–01.v.2013 [2 April–1 May 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♂, W. of Talabre, 2852 m, -23.293, -67.943, 23. iv.2015 [23 April 2015], L. Packer (PCYU); 1♂, same as previous except 01.v.2013 [1 May 2013], L. Packer (PCYU); 3♂♂, Talabre Viejo, 28.iii.00 [28 March 2000], L. Packer (PCYU); Arica and Parinacota (R-XV): 5♂♂, Quebrada Cardones, -18.41266, -69.66638, 2942 m, 18–19.iv.2012 [18–19 April 2012], L. Packer, pans (4♂♂ PCYU, 1♂ BBSL); 5♂♂, same as previous except -18.46403, -69.80427, 2189 m, 17.iv-12.v.2012 [17 April–12 May 2012], blue vane trap, L. Packer (PCYU); 2♂♂, Quebrada Cardones, -18.45698, -69.77264, 2378 m, 17. iv.2012 [17 April 2012], L. Packer (PCYU); 2♂♂, Hwy 11, 74.5 km, -18.44759, -69.76234, 2443 m, 18.iv.2012 [18 April 2012], L. Packer, pan traps (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, Hwy 11, 65 km, -18.47355, -69.84498, 1935 m, 19.iv-12.v.2012 [19 April–12 May 2012], blue vane trap, L. Packer (PCYU).

Etymology: The specific epithet honors Laurence Packer, friend and colleague who not only collected the type series but also contributed significant material for our work.

Distribution: Chile: Tarapacá (R-I): Tamarugal; Antofagasta (R-II): El Loa; Arica and Parinacota (R-XV).

Floral record: Cacabus flavus I.M. Johnst. (Solanaceae).

Comments: Some male and female specimens from Talabre Viejo and Peine (Region II) are distinctively smaller than specimens from regions I and XV. The head width in these specimens is about 75% of the head width of specimens from other localities. The sculpturing of the mesoscutum and frons is also slightly coarser. Besides these differences, we did not find other features (i.e., pygidial and metabasitibial plates, male genitalia, and hidden metasomal sterna) that reliably separate them from S. packeri. Thus, we tentatively assigned them to that species.

Diagnosis: This Chilean species, known only from the female, is most similar to S. rufiventris and S. ruzi in body size, the bifid pygidial plate (fig. 16F), and the orange metasoma that contrasts with the dark brown to black head and mesosoma (fig. 16B, C). It can be easily separated from these species by the sculpturing of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum, which is faintly imbricate to smooth and shiny among setiferous punctures (fig. 16D). In S. rufiventris and S. ruzi both mesoscutum and mesoscutellum are dull, with contiguous, minute punctures or alveoli among larger, coarser setiferous punctures (e.g., fig. 20B).

Description: Female. Total body length 7.1 mm; forewing length 4.4 mm; head width 2.2 mm. Head 1.2× wider than long; inner orbits of compound eyes parallel or nearly so (fig. 16A); intertorular distance 2.6× OD, about 1.3× greater than torulorbital distance; torulus diameter about equal to OD; ocellocular distance 2.3× OD, subequal to ocelloccipital distance; interocellar distance 2.5× OD, slightly longer (1.1) than ocellocular distance; compound eye about 2× as long as wide; clypeus 2.7× broader than long, with apex surpassing inferior tangent of compound eyes by about one-half its length, projected about 0.4× compound eye width in lateral view; gena 0.9× width of compound eye in profile, widest medially; inner subantennal sulcus about onehalf length of outer subantennal sulcus; facial fovea about 7.0× longer than broad, weakly impressed, not forming a deep goove, about the same width (0.6× width of scape) across its length, 1.4× longer than scape; scape 3.1× longer than broad; pedicel about as long as F1, about as long as broad; F1 1.2× longer than broad, 1.5× longer than F2 and F3 individually; remaining flagellomeres broader than long, except last flagellomere longer than broad. Protibial spur with apical portion of rachis about two-thirds length of malus, with distinct row of seven elongate branches (not including apical portion of rachis); mesotibial spur straight, 0.6× mesobasitarsus length; mesobasitarsus robust, about 2.8× longer than broad; metabasitibial plate slightly concave on disc, delimited by strong border (fig. 16E); metatibia 4.0× longer than broad; metatibial spurs straight, inner spur about 1.5× longer than the outer spur; metabasitarsus 7.1× longer than broad, about 0.6× length of metatibia. Pygidial plate with lateral margins converging toward apex at 40° angle, apex bifid.

Head and mesosoma dark reddish brown except black on face, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and most of propodeum (fig. 16B, C). Cream maculation as follows (fig. 16A, B): mandible except on apical half; labrum except on apical third; clypeus except basally on disc; supraclypeal area; lower paraocular area including paraclypeal swelling; subantennal area; humeral sclerite; mesoscutellum with thin band on distal margin; bases of tibiae; T1–T4 each with lateral spot (fig. 16B, C). Metasoma orange except dark brown on lateral fovea of T2 (fig. 16B, C). Tegula translucent yellow; wing membranes subhyaline, slightly yellowish, with weak green and copper highlights, veins (R darkest), prestigma, and pterostigma light brown.

Body pubescence whitish except off-white on vertex and tarsi of all legs. Head and mesosoma with minutely branched setae denser on frons and mesoscutum; ventral margin of mandible, labrum, mesepisternum ventrally, tarsi of all legs, and outer surface of metatibia with simple, stiff setae; setae longer (at least 2× OD) on ventral margin of mandible, hypostomal area, protro-chanter, profemur, posterior margin of metabasitarsus, T5 and T6. Metasomal terga and sterna with minute, appressed, sparse setae, becoming longer toward apical terga and sterna.

Outer surface of mandible distally and basal area of labrum smooth and shiny, impunctate; clypeus smooth and shiny, with faint punctures separated by a puncture width or more, punctures absent midapically, denser laterally; paraclypeal swelling and subantennal area largely impunctate; supraclypeal area smooth and shiny, laterally with scattered, small, faint punctures as on lower paraocular area; paraocular area, lateral to torulus, and lower half of frons shiny, with minute, faint punctures among coarse setiferous punctures separated by one or two times 1–2× a puncture width; remaining areas of face, including vertex, dull, minutely punctate with sparser setiferous punctures than on lower half of frons; paraocular area, lateral to facial fovea, smooth and shiny with coarse, small punctures along orbital margin; gena smooth and shiny, with small, faint punctures separated by at least two puncture widths, punctures coarser, denser on hypostomal area. Mesosoma, including legs, weakly imbricate between punctures, except discs of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum smooth and shiny and propodeal triangle alveolate. Mesoscutum with setiferous punctures separated by 1–3× a puncture width (fig. 16D); mesoscutellum largely impunctate on disc (fig. 16D), with smaller and sparser setiferous punctures than on mesoscutum. Metasomal terga and sterna weakly imbricate with minute, scattered punctures, coarser and denser on sterna and terminal terga.

Holotype: ♀, Chile: Curico [Maule (R-VII)]: Rio Teno, Cordillera Curico, 800 m, November 25–29, 1981, Luis E. Peña (SEMC).

Etymology: The epithet specific is derived from politus (Latin, “made smooth”), and in reference to the shiny, nearly smooth integument of the mesoscutum and mesoscutellum that characterizes this species.

Distribution: This species is known only from the type locality in Maule (R-VII), Chile.

Diagnosis: This species is most similar to S. maculata. The female can be separated from that species by the sculpturing of the discs of the mesoscutum and mesoscutellum, which are shiny, with micropuntures shallow and often faint (fig. 17F), and thus appearing imbricate particularly on disc of mesoscutellum (mesoscutum and mesoscutellum dull, minutely and contiguously punctate among large, setiferous punctures in S. maculata: fig. 11D), and the pygidial plate narrow, with lateral margins converging toward apex at a 50° angle (fig. 17G) (lateral margins converging toward apex at a 60° angle in S. maculata). The male can be separated by the pubescence of the depressed apical margins of T5 and T6, which are largely asetose with decumbent setae present only on at most basal half (largely covered by decumbent setae except on apical third in S. maculata). Also, both sexes of S. maculata are slightly larger (S. propinqua: head width, female 2.3 mm, male 2.5 mm; S. maculata, female 2.5 mm, male 2.9 mm).

Description: Female. Total body length 8.2 mm (7.7–8.8 mm); forewing length 5.3 mm (4.8–5.7 mm); head width 2.3 mm (2.1–2.5 mm). Head 1.3× wider than long; inner orbits of compound eyes subparallel (fig. 17A); intertorular distance 2.8× OD, about 1.2× greater than torulorbital distance; torulus diameter about equal to OD; ocellocular distance 2.5× OD, about as long as ocelloccipital distance; interocellar distance 2.4× OD, about as long as ocellocular distance; compound eye 2.3× longer than wide; clypeus medially projected on distal margin (fig. 17B), 2.8× broader than long, with apex surpassing inferior tangent of compound eyes by about one-half its length, projected about 0.4× compound eye width in lateral view; gena 0.7× width of compound eye in profile, widest medially; inner subantennal sulcus about one-half length of outer subantennal sulcus; facial fovea deep, forming a groove, about same width along its length, 0.7× narrower than scape, about 6.2× longer than broad, 1.4× longer than scape; scape 3.1× longer than broad; pedicel slightly shorter than F1, about as long as broad; F1 1.6× longer than F2, 1.3× broader than long; F2 about as long as F3; remaining flagellomeres broader than long, except last flagellomere longer than broad. Protibial spur with apical portion of rachis about two-thirds length of malus, with distinct row of eight elongate branches (not including apical portion of rachis); mesotibial spur straight, about one-half mesobasitarsus length; mesobasitarsus slender, about 3.8× longer than broad; metatibial spurs straight, inner spur about 1.6× longer than the outer spur; metabasitibial plate slightly concave on disc, delimited by strong border (fig. 17C); metatibia 4.2× longer than broad; metabasitarsus 7.7× longer than broad, about 0.6× length of metatibia. Pygidial plate with lateral margins converging toward apex at 40° angle, apex bifid (fig. 17G).

Head and mesosoma predominantly black (fig. 17D, E), legs and metasoma dark reddish brown (fig. 17D). Cream to yellowish maculation as follows (fig. 17A–B, D, E): mandible except apical half; labrum basally; clypeus except basally on disc and distal margin submedially; supraclypeal area; paraclypeal swelling; subantennal area; ventral surface of flagellum yellowish; dorsal surface of pronotum with small lateral spot; apex of pro- and metafemora; base of tibiae; T1–T5 each with a lateral band, gap between bands narrowest on T1 (about one-half width of transverse width of lateral band), widest on T2 (about 1.5× width of transverse width of lateral band). Tegula translucent brownish; wing membranes brownish, with weak green and copper highlights, veins dark brown.

Body pubescence as in S. confusa, except as follows: setae whitish except on vertex with dark brown to gray setae, and outer surfaces of metatibia and tarsi of all legs, and metasoma with light reddish brown setae.

Outer surface of mandible distally and basal area of labrum smooth and shiny, impunctate; clypeus smooth and shiny, with faint punctures separated by 1–2× a puncture width on disc, punctures absent preapically, denser laterally; paraclypeal swelling and subantennal area impunctate (fig. 17B); supraclypeal area smooth and shiny, laterally with scattered, small punctures as on lower paraocular area; remaining areas of face minutely punctate among large, scattered setiferous punctures, paraocular area lateral to torulus weakly shiny, with micropunctures faint to nearly absent lateral to facial fovea, integument otherwise dulled by micropunctation; gena smooth and shiny among scattered setiferous punctures separated by at least 2× a puncture width; hypostomal area faintly imbricate to smooth and shiny, setiferous punctures sparser than on gena. Mesosoma, including legs, generally faintly imbricate to smooth and shiny between punctures, except: tegula, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum minutely punctate among setiferous punctures, disc of mesoscutum with faint micropunctures and sparse setiferous punctures (fig. 17F) (separated by at least 2× a puncture width); dorsal and posterior surfaces of propodeum alveolate; mesepisternum and propodeum laterally strongly imbricate. Metasoma strongly imbricate with minute, scattered punctures on terga, punctures coarser and denser on sterna and terminal terga.

Male. As in female except pubescence longer and denser with brownish setae on mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and propodeum; integumental tergal bands slightly more broadly separated medially (fig. 18C, G), and the following: total body length 7.7–8.5 mm; forewing length 5.2–5.7 mm; head width 2.3–2.6 mm. Head 1.3–1.4× wider than long; intertorular distance 2.7× OD, 1.1× greater than torulorbital distance; ocellocular distance about 0.7× ocelloccipital distance; interocellar distance about as long as ocellocular distance; compound eye 2.1× longer than wide; clypeus 3.9× broader than long; gena 0.9× width of compound eye in profile; facial fovea about 4.0× longer than broad, widest medially (0.5× width of scape), 0.6× length of scape; scape 3.0× longer than broad; pedicel slightly shorter (0.9×) than F1, 1.2× longer than long; F1 1.5× longer than broad, 1.7× longer than F2 and F3 individually. Protibial spur with apical portion of rachis about one-half length of malus, protibial spur with apical portion of rachis with distinct row of nine to 10 elongate branches; mesotibial spur 0.4× mesobasitarsus length; inner metatibial spur 1.3× longer than outer spur; metabasitibial plate delimited by weak border, not as strong as in female (fig. 18E); metabasitarsus 6.2× longer than broad (fig. 18F). Metasomal S7, S8, and genital capsule as in figure 18H–K.

Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum duller than in female, micropuntures well marked throughout. Metasomal sterna faintly imbricate to smooth and shiny on discs, each coarsely, densely punctate laterally.

Holotype: ♀, Chile: Region VII [Maule], Lga del Maule [Laguna del Maule], Cuesta de los Condores, 35°57′461″[S], 070°34′844″[W], 29.xii.06 [29 December 2006], L. Packer (PCYU).

Paratypes (n = 6♀♀, 7♂♂): Chile: Maule (R-VII): 4♀♀, 4♂♂, with same data as holotype (1♀, 1♂ MNHN, 1♀, 1♂ PCYU, 1♀, 1♂ PUCV, 1♀, 1♂ SEMC); 1♀, 2♂♂, Region VII, NW of L. Maule [Laguna del Maule], 1435 m, S35.55086, W70.62662, 4.i.2009 [4 January 2009], L. Packer, Andeimalva chilensis, PCYUCHI09-6-2-009, 010, 011 (PCYU); 1♂, Region VII, Hwy 115 to L. Maule [Laguna del Maule], ∼1900 m, 4.i.2009 [4 January 2009], L. Packer, Andeimalva chilensis (PCYU); 1♀, E. of Laguna del Maule, 1359 m, -35.90163, -70.64261, 6.i.2013, L. Packer, ex: Primula (PCYU).

Etymology: The epithet specific is derived from propinquus (Latin, “neighboring”), and refers to its near resemblance to S. maculata.

Distribution: Chile: Maule (R-VII).

Floral records: Andeimalva chilensis (Gay) J.A. Tate (Malvaceae); Primula sp. (Primulaceae).

Comments: This species is known from only a couple of localities, which are at midelevations (1359–1900 m) in central Chile, and thus found at higher elevations than in S. maculata (11–900 m).

Spinoliella (Spinoliella) psamita Toro and Ruz, 1972a: 143 (holotype ♂, AMNH, seen: Travesia, Atacama, Chile).

Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished by the following combination of features: small body size (5–6 mm); female pygidial plate broad, with lateral margins converging toward apex at a 50° angle, truncate at apex (fig. 19E); frons, mesoscutum, and mesoscutellum weakly shiny, finely alveolate, alveoli often faint, thus appearing imbricate, particularly on disc of mesoscutellum (fig. 19A, B); female mesobasitarsus robust, about 2.8× longer than broad; metabasitibial plate depressed on disc, setose, delimited by a strong border or carina in female (fig. 19C), rather flat, with scattered setae and without distinct border in male (fig. 19D); and female outer metatibial spur distinctly curved apically. This species resembles S. aidae, S. tadeyi, and S. longirostris in the small body size and general body color. However, in the female of the first two species the pygidial plate is apically bifid and the outer metatibial spur is apically straight; in the female of S. longirostris the clypeus projects below the inferior tangent of the compound eyes by more than one-half its length (at most one-half its length in S. psamita), and the facial maculation is often reduced to nearly absent (usually extensive in S. psamita). The male of S. aidae can be separated easily from that of S. psamita by the sculpturing of the frons, mesoscutum, and mesoscutellum, which are largely smooth and shiny with scattered punctures. The male of S. psamita can be separated from that of S. longirostris by the clypeus, which projects below the inferior tangent of the compound eye by about one-half its length (clypeus begins at inferior tangent of compound eye in S. longirostris), and by the normal glossa, not reaching the procoxae in repose (glossa is long and surpasses posterior margin of procoxae in S. longirostris). The male of S. tadeyi can be separated from both species by the forewing membrane whitish, with pterostigma and veins yellow, and the hypostomal carina not projecting anteriorly. Spinoliella packeri also resembles S. psamita in body color, shape of the metabasitibial plate, and the pygidial plate with a simple apex (not bifid). The former can be distinguished by its larger body size (head width 1.7 vs. 1.5 mm); frons, mesoscutum, and mesoscutellum duller, finely punctate throughout; female pygidial plate with pointed apex; and male terga largely dark brown to black, without yellow or cream maculation but with the distal margins of at least the basal three terga light reddish brown (terga in S. psamita with distinct yellow maculation laterally on basal four terga).

Type material examined (n = 2♀♀, 4♂♂): Holotype ♂, Chile, Atacama, Travesia, Oct. 1969, col. Toro (AMNH). Paratypes: Chile: Antofagasta (R-II): 1♂, Antofagasta, Taltal, leg. J.L. Neff, 1.x.1972 [1 October 1972], on Oxalis (AMNH); Atacama (R-III): 1♀, 1♂, Atacama, 26 mi. S Copiapo, x.19.1969 [19 October 1969], Rozen & Pena (1♀, 1♂ SEMC, 1♂ AMNH); 1♂, Atacama, 55 km S Copiapo, x.21.1971 [21 October 1971], Rozen & Pena (SEMC); 1♀, Atacama, Via Panam N of Caldera, leg. J.L. Neff, 2.x.1971 [2 October 1971], on Nolana (AMNH).

Material examined (n = 27♀♀, 78♂♂): Chile: Tarapacá (R-I): 1♂, E. Pozo Almonte [Tamarugal Province], -20.27720, -69.23552, 2358 m, 17.x.2013 [17 October 2013], L. Packer (PCYU); Antofagasta (R-II): 1♀, 2♂♂, Region II, 13 km S, Paposo, S25°09.67′, W70°26.54′, 28.ix.2002 [28 September 2002], J. Grixti & A. Zayed // on Nolana paradoxa (PCYU); 4♀♀, 21♂♂, same as previous except 4.x.2002 [4 October 2002] (2♀♀, 19♂♂ PCYU, 2♀♀, 2♂♂ SEMC); 7♀♀, 5♂♂, same as previous except 5.x.2002 [5 October 2002] (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, 5 km N of Paposo, 25.x.01 [25 October 2001], L. Packer (PCYU); 2♂♂, 13 km S of Paposo, blue pans, 29.ix-4.x.02 [29 September–4 October 2002], J. Grixti & A. Zayed (AMNH); 1♂, Hwy 1, N of Paposo, 43 m, -24.739, -70.561, 7.iv.2015 [7 April 2015], L. Packer (PCYU); 1♀, 35 km N of Paposo, -24.736, -70.567, 44 m, 7.v.2015 [7 May 2015], L. & L. Packer (PCYU); 2♂♂, N of Paposo, 72 m, -24.91492, -70.51951, 7.v–20.x.2015 [7 May–20 October 2015], L. Packer, bvt [blue vane trap] (PCYU); 3♀♀, 5♂♂ Punta Plata, 44 m, -24.73601, -70.56727, 7.v.2015 [7 May 2015], L. Packer, ex: Nolana (PCYU); 5♀♀, 5♂♂ SE of Punta Plata, 43 m, -24.73947, -70.56126, 7.v.2015 [7 May 2015], L. Packer (PCYU); 1♀, 2♂♂, Beach, 16 km N of Taital [Tai-Tal], yellow pans, 20.xi.02 [20 November 2002], J. Grixti & A. Zayed (1♀ PCYU, 2♂♂ AMNH); 10♂♂, Rt. 1, ~15 km N Tai Tal [Tai-Tal], -25.27824, -70.44476, 16 m, 15.x.2010 [15 October 2010], L. Packer & E. Almeida (PCYU); 2♂♂, N. of Taital [Tai-Tal], blue pans, 20.xi.02 [20 November 2002], J. Grixti & A. Zayed (PCYU); 1♂, SE of Taital [Tai-Tal], -25.51670, -70.41994, 625 m, 15.x.2010 [15 October 2010], L. Packer & E. Almeida (PCYU); Atacama (R-III): 4♂♂, N of Taital [Tai-Tal], 20. xi.2002 [20 November 2002], blue pan traps, A. Zayed & J. Grixti (PCYU); 1♀, 2♂♂, Region III, 6 km E Balneario Obispito, S26.78334, W70.7490, v-1-2010 [1 May 2010], Packer & Almeida, 809 m (PCYU); 1♂, Atacama: Mineral Atacama, NW Copiapo, 1100 m, October 4, 1980, Luis E. Pena (SEMC); 1♂, Nr. Alto de Carmen, -28.67773, -71.61343, ix-15-2010 [15 September 2010], L. Packer, 680 m (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, Chanaral Pan Am. Hwy km 1005, 24.x.01 [24 October 2001], L. Packer (PCYU); 1♂, Huasco Prov., 5 km N Incahausi, rd to Mina Los Cristales 990 m, pantrap MIrwin/DYeates, 29.1899°S, 71.0204°W (BBSL); Coquimbo (R-IV): 8♂♂, Elqui Prov. [Region IV], Incahuasi, 1 Oct 1997, J.G. Rozen, H. Navarette (AMNH); 2♀♀, same as previous except X-1-97 [1 October 1997] (SEMC).

Distribution: Chile: Tarapacá (R-I): Tamarugal; Antofagasta (R-II): Antofagasta; Atacama (R-III): Copiapo, Chanaral, Huasco; Coquimbo (R-IV): Elqui.

Floral records: Alona rostrata Lindl. (Solanaceae) (note that some authors today consider Alona a synonym of Nolana, and so this species can also be found under the latter generic name); Cacabus flavus I.M. Johnst. (Solanaceae); Nolana paradoxa Lindl. (Solanaceae); Oxalis sp. (Oxalidaceae).

Comments: Both sexes of S. psamita often have yellow maculation on the labrum, distal half of clypeus, paraclypeal swelling, anterior surface of the scape, and lower paraocular, subantennal and supraclypeal areas; however, in specimens from Antofagasta such maculation is restricted to the paraclypeal swelling and anterior surface of the scape.

Spinoliella (Peniella) rozeni Toro and Ruz, 1972a: 154 (holotype ♂, AMNH, seen: Travesia, Atacama, Chile]).

Diagnosis: This species can be recognized by the following combination of features: small body size (5–7 mm); mesoscutum and mesocutellum weakly shiny with contiguous, minute punctures or alveoli among larger, sparser, and coarser setiferous punctures; distal margin of mesoscutellum and often entire metanotum yellow; terga with depressed apical margins semitranslucent; female pygidial plate bifid, with lateral margins straight, converging toward apex at a 40° angle; female facial fovea deep, forming a distinct groove, narrow ventrally and dorsally, medially as wide as scape; male facial fovea weakly impressed, about same width across length (about one-third width of scape); metabasitibial plate distinctly depressed on disc and delimited by weak border in female, that of male flat on disc, barely delimited by a border.

Type material examined (n = 2♀♀, 4♂♂): Holotype ♂, Chile, Atacama, Travesia, Oct 1969, col. Toro (AMNH). Paratypes: Atacama (R-III): 1♂, Atacama, 10 km N Algarrobal, x.20.1969 [20 October 1969], Rozen & Pena (AMNH); 1♀, 1♂, Atacama, Chacritas, x.14.1969 [14 October 1969], Rozen & Pena (1♀, 1♂ AMNH, 1♀ SEMC); 1♀, 1♂, Atacama, Castilla, x.22.1969, Rozen & Pena (SEMC).

Material examined (n = 126♀♀, 235♂♂): Chile: Tarapacá (R-I): 1♀, 1♂, Region I, La Tirana [Tarapacá Prov.], 29-IX-83 [29 November 1983] // DE LA HOZ, Col. CHILE (AMNH); Antofagasta (R-II): 1♀, Hwy 1, N of Paposo, 31 m, -24.836, -70.539, 7.iv.2015 [7 April 2015], L. Packer (PCYU); 1♂, NE Antofagasta, 451 m, -23.49783, -70.37572, 21.x.2015, L. Packer, ex Nolana (PCYU); Atacama (R-III): 25♀♀, 48♂♂, Region III, 11 km WNW Choros Bajos, 14.x.01 [14 October 2001], L. Packer (12♀♀, 45♂♂ PCYU, 13♀♀, 3♂♂ SEMC); 1♂, 13.5 km W Los Sapos, S28.01883, W70.55381, v-8-2010 [8 May 2010: note that the date of this specimen and the one that follows suggests a labeling error for this specimen, and it may have been collected in October (L. Packer, pers. comm.)], Packer & Fraser, 488 m (PCYU); 1♂, same as previous except -28.01883, -70.55381, 488 m, 8.x.2010 [8 October 2010], L. Packer & G.S. Fraser (PCYU); 2♂♂, Los Medanos, 29 m, -26.47419, -70.68528, [no date indicated], L. Packer, ex: Cristaria (PCYU); 6♀♀, 36♂♂, Caldera (north), -27.05709, -70.80511, 16 m, 17.x-30.xi.2014 [17 October–30 November 2014], J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 1♂, Caldera (dump), -27.06306, -70.81092, 13 m, 17.x-30.xi.2014 [17 October–30 November 2014], J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, N of Punta de Choros, -29.22087, -71.46234, 24 m, 8.xi-13.xii.2013 [8 November–13 December 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 4♀♀, 2 km W of Domeyko (c-500), -28.96536, -70.91647, [15 October–30 November 2014], J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 2♀♀, 11♂♂, 13.5 km W of Domeyko (c-500), -28.96813, -71.02254, 602 m, 15.x-30. xi.2014 [15 October–30 November 2014], J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 4♀♀, 3♂♂, 13.5 km W of Domeyko, 602 m, -28.96813, -71.02254, 15.x.2014 [15 October 2014] [no collector indicated] (PCYU); 2♀♀, 5♂♂, 8 km W of Domeyko (c-500), -28.97394, -70.97232, 659 m, 15.x-30.xi.2014 [15 October–30 November 2014], J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 1♀, Caleta Totoral, -27.85161, -71.08409, 14 m, 1–14.x.2013 [1–14 October 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♀, Caleta Apolillado, -29.1826, -71.48815, 18 m, 8.xi-13.xii.2015 [8 November–13 December 2015], S. Monckton & J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 1♀, same as previous except -29.1826, -71.48815, 18 m, 13.x-8.xi.2013 [13 October–8 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 2♂♂, Quebrada Salada, Ruta 5, km 922.2, -26.73038, -70.73627, -5 m, 15.xi-10.xii.2013, J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 8♀♀, 5♂♂, Caleta Carrizalillo, -29.10891, -71.4613, 11 m, 13.x-8.xi.2013 [13 October–8 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, E of Carrizalillo, C-500, km 53.3, -28.99822, -71.37874, 206 m, 8.xi-13.xii.2013 [8 November–13 December 2013], S. Monckton & J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 1♂, N of Puerto Viejo, 11 m, -27.32221, -70.92273, 17.x.2014 [7 October 2014] (PCYU); 32♀♀, 68♂♂, -28.01883, -70.55381, 488 m, 22–25.x.2010 [22–25 October 2010], pan traps, L. Packer (PCYU); 5♀♀, 7♂♂, Tres Playitas, 10 km N of Huasco Bajo, 13.x.01 [13 October 2001], L. Packer (PCYU); 1♀, Atacama: Mineral Atacama, NW Copiapo, 1100 m, October 4, 1980, Luis E. Pena (SEMC); 2♀♀, 1♂, Huasco Prov., 5 km N Incahausi, rd to Mina Los Cristales 990 m, pantrap MIrwin/DYeates, 29.1899°S, 71.0204°W (BBSL); 1♀, 2♂♂, N of Huasco, -28.43612, -71.18459, 87 m, 14.x-17.xi.2013 [14 October–17 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♂, N of Huasco, -28.44019, -71.18803, 26 m, 1–14.x.2013 [1–14 October 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 3♀♀, same as previous except blue cup (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, N of Huasco, -28.44019, -71.18803, 26 m, 14.x-7.xi.2013 [14 October–7 November 2013] S. Monckton & J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 5♀♀, 11♂♂, Rd N of Huasco, km 18, -28.32476, -71.15281, 62 m, 14.x-17.xi.2013 [14 October–17 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♀, Rd N of Huasco, km 52, -28.04383, -71.12875, 65 m, 14.x-17.xi.2013 [14 October–17 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 4♀♀, 4♂♂, Rd N of Huasco, km 39, -28.14721, -71.15618, 37 m, 14.x-17.xi.2013 [14 October–17 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♂, Rd N of Huasco, km 67.2, -29.92718, -71.48508, 169 m, 14.x-17.xi.2013 [14 October–17 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 3♀♀, Chanaral, yellow pans, 13.xi.97 [13 November 1997], L. Packer (PCYU); 2♀♀, 2♂♂, same as previous except Chanar de Aceituno, S28°57′12.3″ W71°20′49.9″, 18.ix.2003 [18 November 2003], coll. A. Ugarte (PCYU); 1♂, Chanaral, 13.xi.97 [13 November 1997], L. Packer (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, S of Chanarol [Chanaral], marker 930.32, -26.66496, -70.71722, 21 m, 8.ii-7.iv.2013 [8 February–7 April 2013], S. Monckton & J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 3♂♂, S of Chanarol [Chanaral] Ruta 5, marker 956.5 km, -26.44667, -70.683114, -8 m, 28.ix-22.x.2013 [28 September–22 October 2013], S. Monckton & J. Postlethwaite (PCYU); 1♂, Chanarol: 13 km east Chanarol [Chanaral], November 4, 1992, Rozen, Sharkov, Snyder (SEMC); 1♀, 1♂, 12 km W Domeyko, X-5-1997 [5 October 1997], J.G. Rozen & H. Navarrette, on purple mallow (SEMC); 1♀, Copiapo: 85 km S Copiapo, Oct 23, 1991, J.G. Rozen & L. Pena, on Cristellia [sic: Cristaria] (SEMC); 1♂, same as previous except on Cristeria [sic: Cristaria] (SEMC); 1♂, Copiapo, Pena-X.91 [October 1991] (SEMC); Coquimbo (R-IV): 1♂, Elqui [Region IV]: El Tofo, Llande [Llano de la] Higuera, Nov 17, 1991, J.G. Rozen, L. Pena & A. Ugarte (AMNH); 1♂, Playa la Despensa, Caleta Los Hornos, 11.xi.97 [11 November 1997], L. Packer (PCYU); 2♂♂, Dunes, Los Choros, S29.31303, W71.29369, ix-13-2010 [13 September 2010], L. Packer, 145 m (PCYU); 9♀♀, 1♂, Las Dunas de Los Choros, -29.24004, -71.43084, 20 m, 13.x-8.xi.2013 [13 October–8 November 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♀, Los Choros, bright blue pans, 25.x.2002 [25 October 2002], J. Grixti & A. Zayed (PCYU); 1♂, Chanar, -30.2865, -70.6338, 22.x.2009 [22 October 2009], net, J. Gibbs (PCYU); 1♂, Rd to Playa Blanca, -30.22739, -71.45116, 143 m, 18.x.2013 [18 October 2013], S. Monckton (PCYU); 1♀, W of Junta del Toro, 41-CH, km 137, -29.96568, -70.20154, 1716 m, 17.x-14.xii.2013 [17 October–14 December 2013], J. Postlethwaite & S. Monckton (PCYU).

Distribution: Chile: Tarapacá (R-I); Antofagasta (R-II); Atacama (R-III): Huasco, Chanaral, Copiapo; Coquimbo (R-IV): Elqui.

Floral records: Cristaria sp. and unidentified “purple mallow” (Malvaceae); Nolana sp. (Solanaceae).

Comments: Both male and female specimens from Los Choros Bajos (R-III) have reduced yellow maculation on the scape, pedicel, pronotal lobe, and metanotum. These male specimens with reduced maculation might be confused with those of S. opaca, but they can be easily distinguished by the characters indicated in the key.

Spinoliella (Peniella) rufiventris Toro and Ruz, 1972a: 151 (holotype ♂, SEMC, seen: Las Trancas, Nuble, Chile).

Spinoliella (Peniella) karhadra Rodríguez, Toro, and Ruz, 2001: 104 (holotype ♂, PUCV, seen: Hualqui, Concepción, Region VIII, Chile). New synonymy.

Diagnosis: This species can be recognized by the following combination of traits: female pygidial plate broad, with lateral margins converging toward apex at a 50° angle, apically bifid; frons, mesoscutum, and mesoscutellum with minute, contiguous punctures (fig. 20A, B), often shallow and faint on mesoscutellar disc; female metabasitibial plate distinct (barely indicated in the male: fig. 20D), slightly depressed on disc but not delimited by a strong border or carina (fig. 20C); and metasoma light reddish brown, often distinctly contrasting with dark brown to black head and mesosoma. It resembles S. nomadoides and S. ruzi in the body color and sculpturing of frons, mesoscutum, and mesoscutellum; however, in S. nomadoides the female pygidial plate is apically truncate, not bifid; the metabasitibial plate is delimited by a strong carina in both sexes; the female outer metatibial spur is distinctly curved apically (straight in S. rufiventris); and the male mandible is arcuate, with a small preapical tooth (straight and without a preapical tooth in S. rufiventris). The broader pygidial plate of the female and more robust median process of male S8 (cf. figs. 20E and 20F) separate S. rufiventris from S. ruzi.

Type material examined (n = 10♀♀, 8♂♂): Holotype ♂ [rufiventris], Chile, Las Trancas, Prov. Nuble, 12-14-52 [14 December 1952], L.E. Pena (SEMC). Allotype ♀ [rufiventris], Las Trancas, Prov. Nuble, 12-14-52 [14 December 1952], L.E. Pena (SEMC). Holotype ♂ [karhadra], Chile, Region III, Hualqui, 2-xi-1985, C. Vial (PUCV). Allotype ♀ [karhadra], same data as holotype of S. karhadra (PUCV). Paratypes [rufiventris]: O'Higgins (R-VI): 4♀♀, 2♂♂, Las Cabras [Region VI], XII 10–23 1954 [10–23 December 1954], 1100–1460 m, L.E Pena (SEMC); Bío Bío (R-VIII): 4♀♀, 4♂♂, Las Trancas, Prov. Nuble, 12-14-52 [14 December 1952], L.E. Pena (SEMC).

Material examined (n = 26♀♀, 44♂♂): Chile: O'Higgins (R-VI): 2♂♂, Las Cabras [Region VI], XII 10–23 1954 [10–23 December 1954], 1100–1460 m, L.E Pena (SEMC); Maule (R-VII): 1♀, Region VII, W of Laguna del Maule, 35°57′461″, 070°34′844″, 29.xii.06 [29 December 2006], L. Packer (PCYU); 1♂, Region VII, W of L. Maule, S35.96901, W70.56940, 1982 m, 4.i.2009 [4 January 2009], L. Packer, PCYUCHI09-6-4-002 (PCYU); 1♀, E of Laguna del Maule, 1359 m, -35.90163, -70.64261, 6.i.2013 [6 January 2013], L. Packer, ex: Primula (PCYU); 1♂, same as previous except 160.120 km, 2505 m, -35.99282, -70.39911, 1.i.2013 [1 January 2013], blue pan traps, L. Packer, R. Smith (PCYU); 1♂, Laguna del Maule, -36.020519, -70.500163, 2364 m, 29.xii.2006–27.i.2007 [29 December 2006–27 January 2007], pans, L. Packer, A.I. & M. Gravel (PCYU); 1♂, same as previous except 1955 m, -35.96881, -70.56934, 6.i.2012 [6 January 2012], L. Packer, R. Smith (PCYU); 1♂, N of Laguna del Maule, 29. xii.2006–27.i.2007 [29 December 2006–27 January 2007], pans, L. Packer, A.I. & M. Gravel (PCYU); 2♂♂, Laguna del Teno, -35.10666, -70.53926, 26.i.2016 [26 January 2016], 2548 m, L. Packer (PCYU); 4♂♂, Curico prov. El Planchon, 34°08′57.8″S, 70°31.49.2″W, 2400, 1–5. ii.2003 [1–5 February 2003], leg. A. Ugarte P. (PCYU); Bío Bío (R-VIII): 7♀♀, 12♂♂, Shangri-La [Region VIII], -36.89764, -74.76026, 1335 m, 27.xii.2006 [27 December 2006], pan traps, L. Packer (6♀♀, 11♂♂ PCYU, 1♀, 1♂ SEMC); 1♂, same as previous except 1331 m, -36.89719, -71.47636, 5.i.2013 [5 January 2013], L. Packer, R. Smith (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, Region VIII, Shangri-La, 4436 ft, 36°53′897″, 071°28′637″, 11.xii.06 [11 December 2006], L. Packer pans (PCYU); 1♂, Shangrila, XII-1998 [December 1998], A. Ugarte P (SEMC); 2♀♀, 1♂, Nuble, Chillan, Las Trancas, 1100 m, Jan 1987, L. Pena (AMNH); 2♂♂, Las Trancas, Prov. Nuble, 12-14-52, L.E. Pena [14 December 1952] (SEMC); 5♀♀, 4♂♂, Termas de Chillan, -36.916642, -71.425488, 1543 m, 24.i.2007 [24 January 2007], L. Packer (PCYU); 4♀♀, 4♂♂, Las Trancas, 1200 m, L. Pena, on cactus flowers (SEMC); 1♀, 2♂♂, Las Trancas, 78 km E Chillan; 36°54.5′S, 71°29′W, 12.XII.2003 [12 December 2003]; pan trap; FD Parker; FDP#3748, 3762, 3772 (BBSL); 2♂♂, Las Trancas, 1300 m, December 13–16, 1976, L.E. Pena (SEMC); 1♀, Las Trancas, SE Recinto, in Chillan area, January 1987, Luis E. Pena (SEMC); 1♀, Chillan area, Shangri La, Las Trancas E. Recinto, Jan 20, 1979, Luis E. Pena (SEMC); 1♀, same as previous except January 19–22, 1979 (SEMC); Araucanía (R-IX): 1♀, Region IX, 37.809°S, 71.016°W, Parque Nacional de Nahuelbuta, 3860 ft, 6–9.i.2000 [6–9 January 2000], W. Webb & D. Yeates (PCYU); Región Metropolitana (RM): 1♂, Region Metro [Santiago Metropolitan Region, Cordillera Province], Termas Valle de Colima, S33.81533, W70.00726, 2355 m, 7.i.2009 [7 January 2009], L. Packer (PCYU).

Distribution: Chile: O'Higgins (R-VI): Cachapoal, Colchagua; Maule (R-VII): Curicó; Bío Bío (R-VIII): Concepcion, Nuble; Araucania (R-IX): Malleco; Region Metropolitana (RM): Cordillera.

Floral records: Primula sp. (Primulaceae); one series of males and females were captured on flowers of an unidentified cactus (Cactaceae).

Comments: This species seems to be highly variable in body size, maculation (e.g., distal margin of mesoscutellum and metanotum often without maculation), shape of the facial fovea, clypeal basal margin, and inner orbits of the compound eyes. The features originally used to distinguish S. karhadra as separate species from S. rufiventris are all among these variable features and with larger series it is apparent that the two intergrade. Spinoliella karhadra was initially conceived to be slightly larger, with ventrally divergent compound eyes, and a clypeal basal margin slightly convex. These are all highly variable across S. rufiventris, even among specimens from the same locality as indicated by Toro and Ruz (1972a: 154) and observed in our study. For example, we found that among the paratypes of S. rufiventris deposited at SEMC, larger bees tend to have the inner compound eye orbits diverging ventrally and a shorter clypeus (more than 4× broader than long), basally straight. The same phenomenon was observed in males of S. herbsti. We also found that in some females the facial fovea is about the same size across its length, with the clypeus basally slightly convex. Thus, such specimens could be identified as S. karhadra, but we did not find other features (i.e., sculpturing, shape of pygidial and metabasitibial plates) that reliably separate them from the typical S. rufiventris. Additionally, there are specimens with intermediate features, such as a normal body size and inner orbits slightly divergent ventrally. These observations suggest that the types of S. karhadra are nothing more than large specimens of S. rufiventris, principally in terms of head width (head widths of S. karhadra are 2.8 mm in the holotype male and 2.2 mm in the allotype female, while in smaller S. rufiventris these measurements are 2.1 mm and 1.8 mm in the male and female, respectively, but intermediates are known). Intraspecific variations in body size, particularly in the head and often resulting from allometry, are not unusual across bees (e.g., Sakagami and Moure, 1965; Danforth, 1991; Packer et al., 2003; Engel, 2008; Engel et al., 2012). Therefore, it is likely that the ventrally divergent compound eyes as well as the clypeus basally more pronouncedly convex are perhaps modifications related with a large body size. Given that the holotype and allotype of S. karhadra fall within the overall variation, there are no differences in the male terminalia, and this putative species is sympatric with S. rufiventris, we have considered the former to be a junior synonym of the latter.

Spinoliella ruzi Compagnucci, 2015: 83 (holotype ♀, MACN: Mendoza, Argentina).

Diagnosis: This Argentinean species is quite similar morphologically to S. rufiventris from Chile. It can be separated by the narrower pygidial plate of the female and the slender median process of S8 of the male (fig. 20F).

Material examined (n= 1♀, 3♂♂): Argentina: 1♀, 3♂♂, nr. Nahuel Huapi [Neuquén], -41.02984, -71.312778, 927 m, 24.i.2007 [24 January 2007], vane trp, L. Packer (1♀, 2♂♂ PCYU, 1♂ SEMC).

Distribution: Argentina: Mendoza, Neuquén.

Comments: This species was described from Laguna Diamante, San Carlos, Mendoza, a locality in west-central Argentina about 20 km from the border with Chile. The specimens examined in the present work were collected near Nahuel Huapi Lake in southern Neuquén, Argentina, about 700 km south of the type locality.

Spinoliella tadeyi Compagnucci, 2015: 79 (holotype ♀, MACN: Neuquén, Argentina).

Diagnosis: This Argentinean species can be recognized easily by the following combination of features: small body size (~4 mm); female mesobasitarsus robust, 2.6× longer than broad (fig. 21C); metabasitibial plate of both sexes slightly depressed, asetose on disc, delimited by weak border (fig. 21D); female pygidial plate broad, with lateral margins converging toward apex at a 50° angle, apically bifid; frons, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and propodeum with minute, contiguous punctures (fig. 21B); and metasoma predominantly yellowish in the female, with dark brown bands on discs of T2–T4, that of male mainly dark brown with lateral maculation on basal four terga. Both sexes of this species resemble S. aidae in the small body size, bifid female pygidial plate, and coloration, but in the latter species the integument of the head and mesosoma is smooth, shiny, and largely impunctate.

Material examined (n = 6♀♀, 21♂♂): Argentina: Chubut: 1♀, 1♂, Chubut, Sarmiento, 24 km W, 45°32.17′S, 69°17.62′W, 310 m, 21–31 Dec 2006, M.E. Irwin, malaise trap, FDP88795 (BBSL); 1♀, 1♂, Rada Tilly, -45.9639, -67.5734, 19.xii.05 [19 December 2005], AI Gravel, Rocha J (1♂ PCYU, 1♀ SEMC); 5♂♂, 8 km S of Rada Tilly, -45.9845, -67.6056, 30 m, 24.xi.2003 [24 November 2003], L. Packer (4♂♂ PCYU, 1♂ SEMC); Santa Cruz: 3♂♂, Santa Cruz, Los Antiguos, 18.xi.06 [18 November 2006], pan traps (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, Estancia La Serena, near Los Antiguos, S46°37.044′, W71°16.133′, 26.xi-19. xii.05 [26 November–19 December 2005], pan trap, AI Gravel (PCYU); 1♀, 7♂♂, near Los Antiguos, -46.6174, -71.2687, 17.xii.05-01.i.06 [17 December 2005–1 January 2006], pan traps, AI Gravel (PCYU); 1♀, 1♂, 25 km E of Los Antiguos, -46.6195, -71.3047, 250 m, 17–19. xi.2003 [17–19 November 2003], L. Packer (1♀ PCYU, 1♂ SEMC); 1♀, 2♂♂, same as previous except 46°37′187″S, 71°18′322″W, 250 m, 01. iii.2007 [1 March 2007], blue vane trap, AI & M Gravel (PCYU).

Distribution: Argentina: Chubut, Bío Bío, Santa Cruz. This species was previously known from Neuquén (see Compagnucci, 2015) but is recorded here from two further provinces.