ABSTRACT
The development of non-subQ insulin delivery approaches is generally motivated by the desire(s) 1) to improve the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of either acute or basal insulin administration, and/or 2) to reduce the lifestyle impact of multiple daily subQ insulin injections. Different routes offer advantages in either or both goals; however, there are typically additional complications associated with these alternate delivery locations that challenge scientists, engineers, and clinical practitioners.
