面向晶粒尺寸的超声多尺度衰减评价方法

doi:10.11900/0412.1961.2014.00369

金属学报

2015, Vol. 51

Issue (1): 121-128 DOI: 10.11900/0412.1961.2014.00369

本期目录 | 过刊浏览

面向晶粒尺寸的超声多尺度衰减评价方法

李雄兵^1,²(

), 宋永锋¹, 倪培君³, 刘锋²

1 中南大学CAD/CAM研究所, 长沙 410075
2 中南大学粉末冶金国家重点实验室, 长沙410083
3 中国兵器科学研究院宁波分院, 宁波 315103

ULTRASONIC EVALUATION METHOD FOR GRAIN SIZE BASED ON MULTI-SCALE ATTENUATION

LI Xiongbing^1,²(

), SONG Yongfeng¹, NI Peijun³, LIU Feng²

1 CAD/CAM Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410075
2 State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083
3 The Ningbo Branch of Ordnance Science Institute of China, Ningbo 315103

引用本文:

李雄兵, 宋永锋, 倪培君, 刘锋. 面向晶粒尺寸的超声多尺度衰减评价方法[J]. 金属学报, 2015, 51(1): 121-128.
Xiongbing LI, Yongfeng SONG, Peijun NI, Feng LIU. ULTRASONIC EVALUATION METHOD FOR GRAIN SIZE BASED ON MULTI-SCALE ATTENUATION[J]. Acta Metall Sin, 2015, 51(1): 121-128.

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摘要:

用小波变换获取超声波能量的时间-尺度分布, 研究衰减系数随尺度的分布规律, 定义加权的超声多尺度衰减系数, 结合粒子群算法设计的最优尺度组合及其归一化权重分配策略, 建立晶粒尺寸的超声多尺度衰减评价模型. 选用304不锈钢进行实验, 其衰减系数-尺度分布图表明超声波在小尺度下衰减迅速, 体现了高散射材料中衰减的频率特征; 而随着试样晶粒尺寸增大, 整个尺度范围内的衰减都明显加剧. 实验结果显示, 声速法、传统衰减法与本方法的最大系统误差分别是+12.57%, +5.85%和-1.33%. 对金相法测得平均晶粒尺寸为103.5 mm的验证试样用3种方法进行评价, 结果分别为(110.4±7.8), (98.2±6.6)和(101.7±3.9) mm. 本方法不仅可降低系统误差, 且随机误差也被小波变换的恒Q滤波特性有效抑制.

关键词 ：晶粒尺寸, 超声无损评价, 多尺度分析, 衰减系数

Abstract：

To solve such problems as sensitivity to noise and low accuracy of grain size evaluation using traditional ultrasonic time-domain attenuation method, an ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation model based on multi-scale attenuation coefficient was proposed. The distribution of time-scale of ultrasonic energy was obtained by means of wavelet transformation, then to calculate the distribution of attenuation coefficient with scale, and to make a comprehensive analysis of attenuation characteristics of various scales. After the weighted multi-scale ultrasonic attenuation coefficient was defined, a multi-scale ultrasonic attenuation evaluation model was established on the basis of combination of optimal dimension and normalized weight distribution strategy designed by particle swarm optimization. 304 stainless steel was used in the test. The distribution of attenuation coefficient with scale shows that ultrasonic wave of small scales attenuates fast, presenting the frequency characteristics of ultrasonic attenuation among high scattering materials. Following increase of the sample grain size, ultrasonic attenuation of all scales was intensified significantly. Test results show that the sound velocity method, the traditional evaluation method and the proposed method have maximum systematic errors of +12.57%, +5.85% and -1.33%, respectively. With these 3 methods, evaluation results of the sample with a mean grain size of 103.5 mm measured by metallographic method are (110.4±7.8), (98.2±6.6) and (101.7±3.9) mm, respectively, showing that the presented method can not only reduce the systemic error, but also can effectively control the random error by constant Q filtering properties of wavelet transformation. This model can be extended to grain size evaluation of other metals.

Key words： grain size ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation multi-scale analysis attenuation coefficient

ZTFLH:

TG115.21

基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金项目61271356, 51205031和51105045, 国家高技术研究发展计划项目2012AA03A514, 湖南省自然科学基金项目14JJ2002及中国博士后科学基金项目2014M562126资助

作者简介: null

李雄兵, 男, 1977年生, 副教授

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https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/10.11900/0412.1961.2014.00369 或 https://www.ams.org.cn/CN/Y2015/V51/I1/121

Sample No.	Heating temperature ℃	Holding time / h	Cooling method	Sample thickness / mm	D / mm	$E$ / %
1	1080	2	W.Q.	14.621	72.4	2.23
2	1080	4	W.Q.	14.236	82.5	3.06
3	1080	6	W.Q.	13.762	90.6	4.49
4	1080	8	W.Q.	13.546	105.6	4.06
5	1180	6	W.Q.	13.447	135.4	1.65
6	1180	8	W.Q.	12.847	141.9	2.39

表1 各试样的热处理规范、厚度与平均晶粒尺寸

图1 超声信号采集系统示意图

图2 各试样的金相图

图3 No.2试样的一组原始超声信号及其表面波与底面波

图4 传统衰减法的评价模型

图5 No.2试样的表面波和底波时间-尺度分布图

图6 各试样在所有尺度下的平均衰减系数谱图

图7 多尺度衰减评价模型

图8 不同方法的评价结果及误差带

Sample No.	$D v$ / mm	$E v$ / %	$D t$ / mm	$E t$ / %	$D m$ / mm	$E m$ / %
1	81.5±5.7	12.57	72.9±2.9	0.69	72.7±1.9	0.41
2	83.6±8.5	1.33	81.2±3.5	-1.58	82.3±2.8	-0.24
3	85.5±10.6	-5.63	95.9±4.1	5.85	91.7±4.0	1.21
4	98.2±8.3	-7.01	102.0±4.5	-3.41	104.2±4.4	-1.33
5	135.7±9.0	0.22	131.5±5.7	-2.88	134.3±2.7	-0.81
6	143.9±10.1	1.41	145.0±6.5	2.18	143.3±3.5	0.99

表2 不同方法的性能对比分析

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