The top 100 most cited articles on bronchoscopy: a bibliometric analysis

Abstract

Background

Bronchoscopy is applied broadly in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary diseases. Over the past few decades, an increasing number of studies about bronchoscopy have been published. However, little is known about their qualities and characteristics.

Methods

All of the databases in Web of Science (including the Web of Science Core Collection, BIOSIS Citation Index, KCI-Korean Journal Database, MEDLINE, Russian Science Citation Index, and SciELO Citation Index) were utilized to identify articles published from 1990 to 2020. The top 100 most cited articles about bronchoscopy were selected for degree centrality analysis and analyses regarding publication time, total citation number, the citation density, time-related flux, first author, published journal, geographic origin, and research theme.

Results

The selected articles were published mainly in the 2000s and 1990s. Citations per article ranged from 731 to 196. The leading country was the USA, followed by the United Kingdom. The most frequently studied themes were bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and biopsy. The degree centrality analysis connoted that “BAL, inflammation, diagnosis” had a high degree of centrality in the 1990s, while “diagnosis, BAL, biopsy, prospective” took centre stage in the 2000s.

Conclusions

The time, area, and theme distribution of the 100 most cited articles on bronchoscopy have been thoroughly analyzed. It is noticeable that researches based on BAL and endobronchial or transbronchial biopsies currently plays a major role.

Introduction

German laryngologist Gustav Killian performed the first bronchoscopy by using rigid bronchoscopy to remove a pork bone from a patient’s airway in 1897 [1]. The procedure was performed while the patient was awake and cocaine was utilized as a local anesthetic. Nowadays, endoscopy techniques have developed into an approach which can effectively detect and localize critical early pathological changes occurring in the bronchial epithelium and subepithelial regions of human bodies [2]. Bronchoscopies including autofluorescence bronchoscopy, optical fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy, high-magnification bronchoscopy, high-frequency endobronchial ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, etc. remain a cornerstone in helping identify the etiology of radiographic abnormalities in human bronchial and lung [3]. Under the assistance of bronchoscopies, diseases which can be diagnosed cover chronic lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, some lung cancer, and even pulmonary infectious diseases [4,5,6]. It has aroused our interest that what are the common laws of the complex literature surrounding bronchoscopy these years, and how will it guide future research. Therefore, we hope to carry out a literature-based analysis of bronchoscopy.

There is a unique tool called bibliometrics for analyzing the quality and characteristics of published articles. It was first published in JAMA in 1987 and has been widely used in various fields to assess the importance of published articles or research trends [7]. Through a literature search, we found that there were quite a few highly cited literature (citation time > 150) on bronchoscopy or utilizing bronchoscopy as the main research method, but no literature on bibliometrics analysis yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the 100 most cited publications in the field of bronchoscopy, to highlight knowledge milestones in the field, and to analyze the quality and characteristics of the most cited original papers of the past 30 years. We also look forward to finding out the most promising research direction about bronchoscopy.

Methods

Search strategy and criteria

Web of Science (Thomson Reuters, New York, USA) allows access to more than 12,000 peer-reviewed journals published since 1945, along with their collected citation data [8]. On February 10, 2020, we searched online via all of the databases in Web of Science (including the Web of Science Core Collection, BIOSIS Citation Index, KCI-Korean Journal Database, MEDLINE, Russian Science Citation Index, and SciELO Citation Index). To enhance the sensitivity, two independent researchers used the same search terms (“bronchoscopy” OR “bronchoscopies” OR “bronchoscopic”) with the determined period of 1990 to 2020 and without any language restrictions to search simultaneously. A total of 35,637 results were gathered, and after filtering by Literature type as “articles” and/or “clinical trial”, 29,030 pieces of literature was listed. Thus, only typical original articles were included, and literature such as reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines was excluded.

To reduce the number of articles that need to be screened and improve the gold content of selected documents, we then exported articles that have been cited at least 150 times to EndNote. These 423 articles included were all reviewed by two independent researchers based on the title and the abstract of each. Articles which met the following criteria were included to our study group: (1) The article mainly focuses on bronchoscopy (including rigid bronchoscopy, fiber bronchoscopy, fluorescent bronchoscopy, and so on) with the topic of technical improvement or evaluation; (2) The article compares the advantages or disadvantages of bronchoscopy and other examination or sampling methods; (3) The article mentions bronchial thermoplasty, bronchial valve surgery or other bronchoscope-based operation to solve clinical problems; (4) The article is mainly based on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid or bronchoscopy biopsies to get samples for later research. The disagreement between the two researchers was discussed in sequence to reach an agreement. Finally, there remained 185 articles for the following research. These articles were ranked by the number of citations and the top 100 articles were included in this analysis (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1

Flowchart illustrating the article allocation process

Extraction

All articles were reviewed by two independent experienced investigators. The following information was listed for all articles: the journal name, year of publication, article age (2020 minus the year of publication), first author, geographic origin, total citation number, the citation density (total citation number/article age), and research theme (introduced later).

Statistical analysis

The distribution of individual variables for normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Normally distributed data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. A comparison between means was performed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Time-dependent trends were tested by the Mann-Kendall trend test. Correlation between variables was performed by the Spearman rank test. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 24.0. The Ucinet for windows, version 6.212 was used for the degree of centrality analysis. At last, we used the same search strategy to search 1000 most cited articles in the core data set of Web of Science, and then used HistCite Pro 2.1 software to re-analyze and compare with the former-mentioned 100 articles.

Results

We gathered the 100 most cited articles on bronchoscopy (Table 1, Additional file 1). The number of citations ranged from 731 to 196, and a majority of articles presented in the 2000s (50%) and 1990s (42%), while articles published in 2010s only accounted for 8% (Fig. 2). The year with the highest number of articles was 2006 (n = 9), followed by 2007 (n = 8), 1995 (n = 7), and 1997 (n = 7). The mean number of citations was 290 overall, 293 in the 1990s, 276 in the 2000s, and 368 in the 2010s. The mean number of citation density was 17.5 overall, 12.0 in the 1990s, 18.0 in the 2000s, and 42.2 in the 2010s. The Mann-Kendall trend test showed an increasing trend between the top-cited articles’ citation density and their published time (P < 0.0001) (Fig. 3). The Spearman rank showed a positive correlation between year of publication and citation density (r = 0.764, P < 0.01). Both the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicated an abnormal distribution in total citation number as well as the citation density.

Table 1 List of the 100 top-cited articles on bronchoscopy

Fig. 2

Time distribution of 100 top-cited articles in bronchoscopy. A majority of articles were published in the 1990s (42%, n = 42) and 2000s (50%, n = 50)

Fig. 3

Time-dependent citation density trend. Mann-Kendall trend test showed an increasing trend between the citation density and the time (p < 0.0001)

All of the articles were distributed in 16 countries, led by the USA (n = 35), followed by the United Kingdom (n = 14), France (n = 10), and so on. The distribution was illustrated on the world map (Fig. 4). The map showed that two regions, North America and Western Europe, kept most of the articles. Besides, Japan had 6 articles, Australia had 4, Argentina and Israel both had 2, while Korea had 1.

Fig. 4

Geographical distribution of all articles. The map showed that most articles came from two regions: North America and Western Europe

(Due to limited space, the national borders are not completely accurate. This figure was modified based on an original image downloaded from Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/GDP_per_capita-worldmap-2006.svg)

These articles were published in 25 kinds of journals. Thirty-nine articles were published in American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, followed by Chest (n = 20), The American review of respiratory disease (n = 5), Thorax (n = 5), New England Journal of Medicine (n = 4), Annals of Internal Medicine (n = 3), Pediatric Pulmonology (n = 3), and other three journals (n = 2) (Table 2).

Table 2 Journals with the most occurrences within the top-cited list and their impact factor (IF)

The first authors with the most occurrences and their basic research institutions were listed in Table 3. Yasufuku K, from Japan, had acted as the first authorship in four articles out of our list, in which two written in Chiba University, one in Department Hospital de Sabadell, and one in University of Toronto. The total citations of his four selected articles were 1484.

Table 3 List of first authors with the most occurrences within the top-cited list

We collected the research institutions of first authors in these top-cited articles. Eight institutions had 3 articles included, and they were Hospital Bichat, University of Barcelona, Royal Brompton Hospital, University of London, University of Southampton, Mayo Clinic, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, and University of California at San Francisco. Besides, 10 research institutions were involved by two articles listed, and 56 institutions with one article, respectively (Supplementary Table 1).

We divided these top 100 most cited articles into eight categories based on the main content. In particular, some articles cover two or three types of topics at the same time, and we also recorded them repeatedly. Three professional researchers discussed each article and reached consensus. List these theme categories in descending order according to the number of relevant literature as: BAL fluid (n = 50), bronchoscopy and biopsy (n = 29), comparison of different examinations (n = 19), evaluation of new technologies (n = 12), bronchial thermoplasty (n = 4), new technique of bronchoscopy (n = 4), bronchoscope-based operation (n = 3), and bronchoscopy assisted valve implantation (n = 2) (Fig. 5). One-way ANOVA showed no significant difference between citations and these themes (P = 0.486) (Fig. 6).

Fig. 5

The themes distribution of all the articles. The most mentioned theme was bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (n = 50), followed by bronchoscopy and biopsy (n = 29)

Fig. 6

Mean citation per article based on the theme. One-way ANOVA showed no significant difference in citations per article among the various themes (P = 0.486). A: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, B: bronchoscopy and biopsy, C: comparison of different examinations, D: evaluation of new technologies, E: bronchial thermoplasty, F: new technique of bronchoscopy, G: bronchoscope-based operation, H: bronchoscopy assisted valve implantation

These article’s keywords and subject terms were checked one by one by two researchers, and then degree centrality analysis has been done in two periods of article published time: in the 1990s (42 articles) and the 2000s (50 articles). The result indicated that “BAL, inflammation, diagnosis, biopsy” had a high degree of centrality in the 1990s (Fig. 7), while “diagnosis, BAL, biopsy, prospective, outcome, EBUS, evaluation” had a high degree of centrality in the 2000s (Fig. 8).

Fig. 7

Degree centrality analysis in the 1990s (42 articles). It showed that “BAL, inflammation, diagnosis, biopsy” had a high degree of centrality in the 1990s

Fig. 8

Degree centrality analysis in the 2000s (50 articles). It showed that “diagnosis, BAL, biopsy, prospective, outcome, EBUS, evaluation” had a high degree of centrality in the 2000s

By ranking the Local Citation Score (LCS) index from high to low, we got the top 30 articles with the LCS of 46 to 13 in HistCite Pro 2.1(Table 4). We compared them with the top 100 articles selected by the former method and found that 12 of them appeared again.

Table 4 List of the top 30 local citation score (LCS) articles in top 1000 cited articles on bronchoscopy

Discussion

As far as we can know, this is the first bibliometric analysis of papers on bronchoscopy. From the analysis of the top 100 most cited articles published on the theme of bronchoscopy, we can get several significant findings. The maximum number of citations in these articles reached 731, and this was a paper based on a bacteriologic analysis of BAL fluid for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia [9]. When it comes to such relatively limited citation numbers, one explanation is that our analysis only focuses on articles published in the last 30 years, so there may not be enough time for them to be fully cited. Half of the top-cited articles were published in the 2000s, seconded by the 1990s with the article number of 42 in the top 100 most cited. The phenomenon of “obliteration by incorporation”, which refers to articles no longer be cited when their substance has been treated as current knowledge [7], maybe exists in this analysis. Besides, there is an increasing trend between top-cited articles’ citation density and their published time, showing that more and more high-quality articles are published in this field. Interestingly, there are eight articles published since 2010 making the top 100 most cited. The most recent literature in them was published in 2014, with the citation of 197 now [10]; followed by an article in 2013, with the citation of 303 here [11]. These results above also suggest that quite a few highly cited articles about bronchoscopy have appeared in the past 10 years.

We also have demonstrated the regional distribution of these articles. On the one hand, the majority of them originated from two regions, North America and Western Europe. Many research institutions there also performed well. For example, eight institutions each contributed three articles in the top 100 most cited, three of them (Mayo Clinic, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, and the University of California at San Francisco) from the USA, three of them (University of Southampton, University of London, and Royal Brompton Hospital) from the United Kingdom, along with Hospital Bichat and University of Barcelona from France and Spain individually. The reason for this phenomenon may be countries such as the USA and the United Kingdom have a fairly developed economy for supporting medical research. And it has previously been illustrated that a weak correlation exists between a country’s gross domestic product per capita and its research achievements [12]. On the other hand, we can see that some papers are from Japan and Korea in Asia, the Republic of Argentina in South America, and Australia in Oceania, suggesting that the application of bronchoscopy is universal and proving that this inspection technique has always been of research value once again. It means a lot that the research achievements from all these countries are shared in public so that more people can benefit from their studies.

We noticed that two journals contributed more than a half articles in the top 100 most cited, demonstrating strong professional attributes. They are American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine (AJRCCM) with the Impact Factor of 17.452 now and Chest Journal, whose Impact Factor in 2019 is 8.308. In our analysis, there are 39 articles from AJRCCM with 6 kinds of theme categories, and 20 articles from Chest also got involved in almost all of the themes we cared about. Among them, 9 articles of Chest and 3 articles of AJRCCM talked about the evaluation of new technologies, making up all articles in such category. Unlike the phenomenon in a similar bibliometric analysis of respiratory articles [13], it seems several core journals here gleaned a lot of citations. Apart from those specific journals in this field, some general medical journals such as The New England Journal of Medicine and Annals of Internal Medicine take an important part in this analysis, too. As for the authors, Yasufuku K, with the H-index of 47 when we searched, had four studies published between 2004 and 2011 imported in our study, performing the best. These studies were mainly based on endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration for lymph node staging of lung cancer, and compared different examinations such as positron emission tomography and computed tomography (CT) [14,15,16,17].

From the perspective of published design, we also study the topic distribution characteristics of the most cited articles. Two themes, BAL fluid along with Bronchoscopy and biopsy, occupy the primary part. Since the application of bronchoscopy in clinical practice, the two have been the focus of researches in human bronchial and lung diseases as an important means of bronchoscopy sampling and testing.

BAL is widely used to sample the lower respiratory tract from the perspective of clinical bronchoscopy, and materials obtained in this way are mainly alveolar contents such as respiratory mucous secretions [18]. BAL is a technique for sampling respiratory epithelial fluid, and analysis of the cellular and non-cellular components of the reflow may provide valuable information about airway inflammation [19]. BAL fluid collected through bronchoscopy can be used for bacteriological analysis to diagnose related diseases, such as ventilator-associated pneumonia [9, 20]. The keyword centrality analysis also shows that BAL had a high centrality in the 1990s and 2000s, showing such research direction is the absolute core, which is consistent with the research on subject words. These results suggest that BAL is still a bronchoscopy procedure that needs to be addressed in the future and that it is necessary to explore the drawbacks of this area, such as mucosal damage to the respiratory tract and invasive infections. Because of the invasive property, clinical workers should also be concerned about the possible damage to patients when using bronchoscopy for BAL fluid sampling in the future. Research and development of BAL sampling technology with more safety and comfort is also a possible direction in the prospective technology field.

In addition to BAL, bronchoscopy and biopsy are other keywords with high involvement. As an important method of respiratory tract sampling, bronchoscopy biopsy plays an important role in the diagnosis of lung cancer and other bronchial-related diseases, the fibreoptic bronchoscopy has been routinely used for the diagnosis of suspected lung cancer [21]. It is reported that bronchoscopy can be considered as the safest and most accurate tool for assessing the mucous membranes of the central and distal airways [22]. We also found in some studies that both bronchoscopies with or without a narrow range and radial endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) were poorly diagnosed by the investigators for pulmonary lesions [23]. Thus, from a technical point of view, future work should focus on cutting edge technology to improve diagnostic accuracy.

As for the degree centrality analysis, there are differences between the 1990s and the 2000s. The hot words of the 1990s were those like BAL, inflammation, diagnosis, and biopsy. It is also consistent with the fact that there was a lot of attention paid to diagnosis in the 1990s. As for the 2000s, keywords with high-frequency became BAL, outcome, infection, and so on. Among them, it can be seen that researchers still pay high attention to the highest-frequency BAL. In addition, the focus of the 1990s on the diagnostic and technical aspects of treatment has shifted, with researchers focusing more on the evaluation of prognosis, infection control, and other aspects of treatment with bronchoscopy. Research on a number of treatments such as bronchial thermoplasty [24,25,26], bronchial valve implantation [27,28,29], and bronchoscopic removal of the tracheal foreign body [30] began to expand. Gradually, the study of bronchoscopy began to blossom.

The LCS represents the number of citations that a document has in the local data set. If a document has a high LCS value, we’d say it’s an important document in the special field and may even be a groundbreaking article [31]. Chronologically, we can notice these 30 articles obtained by using the LCS method in the 1000 most cited articles published from 1990 to 2020 actually ranged from 1999 to 2007, and even one-fifth of them presented in one single year, 2004. In connection with the previous analysis that the 2000s made the most articles in three decades, this interesting phenomenon may suggest that the research on bronchoscopy has been further expanded and deepened in these years. There is a consistency between the two methods because of 12 overlapping articles obtained. Throughout these 12 articles on the topic of research, more than half linked with E-BUS. This reflects a high research interest in this technology in the 2000s. For example, Yasufuku et al. pointed out in 2004 that lymph node sampling of hilum and mediastinum by EBUS-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) technique was accurate and safe in diagnosing pulmonary diseases [14]. This research, in our analysis, has a citation number of 479 (Ranked 6th) and the LCS of 19. Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) is another hot theme in 12 articles. It was concluded that ENB is a safe and effective diagnostic technique in the years around 2006 [32, 33], which has led to broad studies. These new techniques have undoubtedly received more and more attention, suggesting important directions for bronchoscopy research in the future.

We also took note of the progress of bronchoscopy-related research in recent years. Some researchers pointed out that bronchoscopic lung volume reduction using an endobronchial valve (EBV) is safe and effective in the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases such as emphysema. And with advances in one-way valve therapy, this is now a routine treatment option [34]; Bronchoscopic lung cryobiopsy, a novel biopsy method, was thought to have a meaningful effect on the multidisciplinary diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [35]; Endoscopic ultrasound with bronchoscope fine needle aspiration (EUS-B-FNA) is a new technique which can be performed by interventional pulmonologists/thoracic surgeons with an echo-bronchoscope. With the help of EBUS, doctors can explore all the mediastinal lymph node stations in one endoscopic session, improving the accuracy in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer [36]; Newer navigational modalities, such as robotic bronchoscopy and CT-guided cone beam bronchoscopy, might foreshadow the future in the bronchoscopic management of peripheral pulmonary lesions [37, 38]; Besides, a recent study illustrated the role of bronchoscopy in the management of hemoptysis, which still represents a frequent diagnostic challenge in routine clinical practice [39]. Those novel developments are so fantastic and instructive, while whether they are high-quality researches or not need more time to test. We will continue to monitor the progress of the discipline.

Admittedly, although our results produce some valuable information, which may play a certain role in suggesting the topic selection and research direction of intending researchers, there are also some limitations. First, as articles are filtered according to the number of citations, new publications that are significant in the field but have not yet reached high citation levels are ignored. Therefore, it tends to be a kind of retrospective study of historical articles. Second, this analysis included only published articles and excluded other papers like clinical guidelines, meeting notes, textbooks, meta-analyses, and reviews, which may lead to omission bias. Thirdly, although we did search without any language restrictions on Web of Science, some famous articles in languages other than English may have been omitted because of database limits. Last but not least, although we use bronchoscopy as the keyword to search for articles, we may miss some famous articles retrieved by other keywords.

Conclusions

This article highlights the top 100 most cited articles in bronchoscopy over the past 30 years (1990–2020), including their time and geographical distribution, research topics, authors, research institutions, and research keywords. From the aspect of the research theme, we found that BAL and bronchial biopsies currently plays a major role. At the same time, they mostly focus on clinical trials, whereas basic laboratory research is inadequate, so more research on the subject is needed. In addition, because of the inherent limitation of our analysis, novel and instructive researches such as fluorescent bronchoscopy and advanced electromagnetic guided bronchoscopy may fail to enter our horizons. In summary, the field of bronchoscopy looks promising. With the advent of modern technology and easy access to different data, we can look forward to getting deeper researches in this area during the next 5–10 years.