Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T00:55:58.998Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Genesis of Late Miocene-Pliocene lacustrine palygorskite and calcretes from Kırşehir, central Anatolia, Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2018

S. Kadİr ,
M. Eren ,
T. Külah ,
N. Önalgİl ,
M. Cesur  and
A. Gürel
S. Kadİr*
Affiliation:
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Department of Geological Engineering, TR–26480 Eskisehir, Turkey
M. Eren
Affiliation:
Mersin University, Department of Geological Engineering, TR–33343, Mersin, Turkey
T. Külah
Affiliation:
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Department of Geological Engineering, TR–26480 Eskisehir, Turkey
N. Önalgİl
Affiliation:
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Department of Geological Engineering, TR–26480 Eskisehir, Turkey
M. Cesur
Affiliation:
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Department of Geological Engineering, TR–26480 Eskisehir, Turkey
A. Gürel
Affiliation:
Niğde University, Department of Geological Engineering, TR–51200 Niğde, Turkey
*
*E-mail: skadir_esogu@yahoo.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper addresses the mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of palygorskite and associated calcretes in the Kırşehir region. In this area, the Quaternary calcretes are present within and/or on lacustrine mudstones of the Kızılırmak Formation (Late Miocene-Pliocene). The calcretes occur in the form of nodules, tubes, fracture-infills, and hard laminated crusts (hardpans). Calcrete samples are predominantly composed of calcite associated with smectite, quartz, feldspar, and minor palygorskite. The lacustrine mudstone samples consist mainly of smectite and palygorskite with minor calcite, quartz, feldspar, illite, kaolinite and amorphous material. Petrographic studies revealed that the calcrete samples are predominantly micrites that were partially converted to microsparites by recrystallization. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy images indicate that palygorskite fibres formed authigenically on and between calcite rhombs in the calcrete samples and at the edges of smectite flakes of host rocks adjacent to the calcretes. The oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope values of the calcite suggest that it precipitated from meteoric water under arid or seasonally arid climatic conditions. Calcite precipitation occurred in the vadose zone, as evidenced by desiccation cracks and vadose pisolites. The enrichment of Rb+Ba±Sr and Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE) relative to Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE)with a distinct negative Eu anomaly are responses to the fractionation of volcanogenic feldspar and hornblende under the influence of meteoric water. The palygorskite associated with calcretes was precipitated from alkaline water rich in Si, Al and Fe and low in Mg. The palygorskite precipitation occurred at increased temperatures, characterising the advanced stage of calcrete formation which lowers the Ca content in the soil water. The required chemical elements for palygorskite and calcite were most likely derived from the dissolution of smectitic clays, ignimbrites and carbonate minerals.

Keywords

palygorskitecalcretesmectitemudstonestable isotopesTurkey
Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 49 , Issue 3 , June 2014 , pp. 473 - 494
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allison, M.A. & Riggs, S.R. (1994) Clay-mineral suites in cyclic Miocene sediments; a model for continental-margin deposition in a mixed siliciclastic- phosphatic-dolomitic-biogenic system. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 64, 386–395.Google Scholar
Alonso-Zarza, A.M. (1999) Initial stages of laminar calcrete formation by roots: examples from the Neogene of central Spain. Sedimentary Geology, 126, 177–191.Google Scholar
Alonso-Zarza, A.M. & Arenas, C. (2004) Cenozoic calcretes from the Teruel Graben, Spain: microstructure, stable isotope geochemistry and environmental significance. Sedimentary Geology, 167, 91–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atabey, E., Atabey, N. & Kara, H. (1998) sedimentology of caliche (calcrete) occurrences of the Kırs–ehir region. Mineral Research Exploration Bulletin, 120, 68–80.Google Scholar
Atalay, I. (1996) Palaeosols as indicators of the climatic changes during Quaternary period in S Anatolia. Journal of Arid Environments, 32, 23–35.Google Scholar
Bajnoczi, B., Horvath, Z., Demeny, A. & Mindszenty, A. (2006) Stable isotope geochemistry of calcrete nodules and septarian concretions in a Quaternary ‘red clay’ paleovertisol from Hungary. Isotopes in Environmental Health Studies, 42, 335–350.Google Scholar
Boutton, T.W. (1991) Stable carbon isotope ratios of natural materials, II. Atmospheric, terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments. Pp. 173–186 in: Carbon Isotope Techniques (C. Coleman & B. Fry, editors). New York, USA, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bouza, P.J., Simón, M. Aquilar, J., del Valle, H. & Rostagno, M. (2007) Fibrous clay minerals formation and soil evolution in aridisols of NE Patagonia, Argentina. Geoderma, 139, 38–50.Google Scholar
Boynton, W.V. (1984) Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. Pp. 63–114 in: Rare Earth Element Geochemistry (P. Henderson, editor), Developments in Geochemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W. (1980) Quantitative X-ray analysis of clays. Pp. 411–438 in: Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification (G.W. Brindley & G. Brown, editors). Mineralogical Society Monograph 5, London.Google Scholar
Cailleau, G., Verrecchia, E.P. & Braissant, O. (2009) The biogenic origin of needle fibre calcite. Sedimentology, 56, 1858–1875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chahi, A., Duplay, J. & Lucas, J. (1993) Analyses of palygorskite and associated clays from the Jbel Rhassoul (Morocco): chemical characteristics and origin of formation. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41, 401–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colson, J., Cojan, I. & Thiry, M. (1998) A hydrological model for palygorskite formation in the Danian continental facies of the Provence Basin (France). Clay Minerals, 33, 333–347.Google Scholar
Coplen, T.B., Kendall, C. & Hopple, J. (1983) Comparison of stable isotope reference samples. Nature, 302, 236–238.Google Scholar
Ece, I. & Yüce, A.E. (1999) Endüstriyel mineraller envanteri, Yurt Madenciliğini Gelis–tirme Vakfı. Mart Matbaacılık Sanatları Ltd. S– ti., 77–83.Google Scholar
Eren, M. (2007) Genesis of tepees in the Quaternary hardpan calcretes, Mersin, S Turkey. Carbonates and Evaporites, 22, 123–134.Google Scholar
Eren, M. (2011) Stable isotope geochemistry of Quaternary calcretes in the Mersin area, southern Turkey – a comporasion and implications for their origin. Chemie der Erde, 71, 31–37.Google Scholar
Eren, M., Kadir, S., Hatipoğlu, Z. & Gül, M. (2004) Caliche Development in the Mersin Area. TÜBİTAK Project, No.102Y036,136 pp. (Turkish with English abstract).Google Scholar
Eren, M., Kadir, S., Hatipoğlu, Z. & Gül, M. (2008) Quaternary calcrete development in the Mersin area, southern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 17, 763–784.Google Scholar
Eren, M. & Hatipoğlu-Bağcı, Z. (2010) Karst surface features of the hard laminated crust (caliche hardpan) in the Mersin area, southern Turkey. Acta Carsologica, 39, 93–102.Google Scholar
Fernandez Macarro, B. & Blanco, J.A. (1990) The palygorskite-containing paleosols of the Talavan- Torrejon el Rubio (Caceres, Spain); mineralogical and geochemical evolution. Chemical Geology, 84, 54–57.Google Scholar
Fulignati, P., Gioncada, A. & Sbrana, A. (1999) Rare earth element (REE) behaviour in alteration facies of the active magmatic–hydrothermal system of Volcano (Aeolin Island, Italy). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 88, 325–342.Google Scholar
Galán, E. & Carretero, M.I. (1999) A new approach to compositional limits for sepiolite and palygorskite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 47, 399–409.Google Scholar
Galán, E. & Pozo, M. (2011) Palygorskite and sepiolite deposits in continental environments. Description, Genetic Patterns and Sedimentary Settings. Pp. 125–173 in: Developments in Palygorskite- Sepiolite Research (E. Galán & E. Singer, editors). A New Outlook on these Nanomaterials. Developments in Clay Science, Vol. 3. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Garcia-Romero, E. & Suárez, M. (2010) On the chemical composition of sepiolite and palygorskite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 58, 1–20.Google Scholar
Gong, S.Y., Mii, H.S., Wei, K.Y., Horng, C.S., You, C.F., Huang, F.W., Chi, W.R., Yui, T.Z., Torng, P.K., Huang, S.T., Wang, S.W., Wu, J.C. & Yang, K.M. (2005) Dry climate near the Western Pacific Warm Pool: Pleistocene caliches of the Nansha Islands, South China Sea. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 226, 205–213.Google Scholar
Güven, N. (1988) Smectites. Pp. 497–559 in: Hydrous Phyllosilicates (Exclusive of Micas) (S.W. Bailey, editor). Reviews in Mineralogy, 19. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Inglès, M. & Anadón, P. (1991) Relationship of clay minerals to depositional environment in the nonmarine Eocene Pontils Group, SE Ebro basin (Spain). Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 61, 926–939.Google Scholar
Inoue, A., Meunier, A. & Beaufort, D. (2004) Illitesmectite mixed-layer minerals in felsic volcaniclastic rocks from drill cores, Kakkonda, Japan. Clays and Clay Minerals, 52, 66–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, N.P. & Choquette, P.W. (1984) Diagenesis 9. Limestones – The meteoric diagenetic environment. Geoscience Canada, 11, 161–194.Google Scholar
Jimenez de Cisneros, C., Molina, J.M., Nieto, L.M., Ruiz-Ortiz, P.A. & Vera, J.A. (1993) Calcretes from a palaeosinkhole in Jurassic palaeokarst (Subbetic, southern Spain). Sedimentary Geology, 87, 13–24.Google Scholar
Jones, B.F. & Galán, E. (1988) Sepiolite and palygorskite. Pp. 631–374 in: Hydrous Phyllosilicates (Exclusive of Micas) (S.W. Bailey, editor). Reviews in Mineralogy, 19. Mineralogical Society of America, BookCrafters, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan.Google Scholar
Juteau, T., Bingöl, F. Noack, Y. & Whitechurch, H. (1978) 38. Preliminary results: mineralogy and geochemistry of alteration products in leg 45 basement samples. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 45, 613–645. Washington.Google Scholar
Kadir, S. & Akbulut, A. (2011) Palygorskite-dominated clayey sedimentary beds of the Çameli formation in the Neogene Sapaca lacustrine basin, Honaz, Denizli Province, SW Turkey. Neues Jahrbuch fü r Mineralogie Abhandlungen, 188, 151–167.Google Scholar
Kadir, S. & Eren, M. (2008) The occurrence and genesis of clay minerals associated with Quaternary caliches in the Mersin area, southern Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 56, 244–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadir, S., Eren, M. & Atabey, E. (2010) Dolocretes and associated palygorskite occurrences in siliciclastic red mudstones of the Sariyer formation (Middle Miocene), southeastern side of the Çanakkale strait, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 58, 205–219.Google Scholar
Kaplan, M.Y., Eren, M., Kadir, S. & Kapur, S. (2013) Mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic characteristics of Quaternary calcretes in the Adana region, southern Turkey: Implications on their origin. Catena, 101, 164–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kapur, S., Çavuşgil, V.S. & Fitzpatrick, E.A. (1987) Soilcalcrete (caliche) relationship on a Quaternary surface of the Cukurova Region, Adana (Turkey). Pp. 597–603 in: Soil Micromorphology (N. Federoff, L.M. Bresson, & M.A. Courty, editors). Association Française pour L’Etude du sol, Paris.Google Scholar
Kapur, S., Çavuşgil, V.S., Şenol, M., Gürel, N. & Fitzpatrick, E.A. (1990) Geomorphology and pedogenic evolution of Quaternary calcretes in the northern Adana Basin of southern Turkey. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 34, 49–59.Google Scholar
Kapur, S., Yaman, S., Gokçen, S.L. & Yetis–, C. (1993) Soil stratigraphy and Quaternary caliche in the Misis area of the Adana Basin, southern Turkey. Catena, 20, 431–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kapur, S., Saydam, C., Akça, E., Çavuşgil, V.S., Karaman, C., Atalay, I. & Özsoy, T. (2000) Carbonate pools in soil of the Mediterranean: A case study from Anatolia. Pp. 187–212 in: Global Climate Change and Pedogenic Carbonates (R. Lal, J.M. Kimble, H. Eswaran & B.A. Stewart, editors). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida.Google Scholar
Kara, H. (1991) Geological map of Kırşehir G-18 Quadrangle, Scale 1:100.000. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) Publications, Ankara, Turkey.Google Scholar
Karakaş, Z. & Kadir, S. (1998) Mineralogical and genetic relationships between carbonate and sepiolite-palygorskite formations in the Neogene lacustrine Konya Basin, Turkey. Carbonates and Evaporites, 13, 198–206.Google Scholar
Karakaya, N. (2009) REE and HFS element behaviour in the alteration facies of the Erenler Dağı Volcanics (Konya, Turkey) and kaolinite occurrence. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 101, 185–208.Google Scholar
Khademi, H. & Mermut, A.R. (1998) Source of palygorskite in gypsiferous aridisols and associated sediments from central Iran. Clay Minerals, 33, 561–578.Google Scholar
Mongelli, G. (1997) Ce-anomalies in the textural components of Upper Cretaceous karst bauxites from the Apulian carbonate platform (southern Italy). Chemical Geology, 140, 69–79.Google Scholar
Moore, D.M. & Reynolds, R.C. (1989) X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 332 pp.Google Scholar
Nyakairu, W.A. & Koeberl, C. (2001) Mineralogical and chemical composition and distribution of rare earth elements in clay-rich sediments from central Uganda. Geochemical Journal, 35, 13–28.Google Scholar
Özer, A.M., Wieser, A., Göksu, H.Y., Müller, P. Regulla, D.F. & Erol, O. (1989) ESR and TL age determination of caliche nodules. International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instruments, Part A – Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 40, 1159–1162.Google Scholar
Pimentel, N.L.V. (2002) Pedogenic and early diagenetic processes in Palaeogene alluvial fan and lacustrine deposits from the Sado Basin (S. Portugal). Sedimentary Geology, 148, 123–138.Google Scholar
Purvis, K. & Wright, V.P. (1991) Calcretes related to phreatophytic vegetation from the Middle Triassic Otter Sandstone of South West England. Sedimentology, 38, 539–551.Google Scholar
Rodas, M., Luque, F.J., Mas, R. & Garzon, M.G. (1994) Calcretes, palycretes and silcretes in the paleogene detrital sediments of the Dueo and Tajo Basins, central Spain. Clay Minerals, 29, 273–285.Google Scholar
Rollinson, H.R. (1993) Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 352 pp.Google Scholar
Sánchez, C. & Galán, E. (1995) An approach to the genesis of palygorskite in a Neogene-Quaternary continental basin using principal factor analysis. Clay Minerals, 30, 225–238.Google Scholar
Sancho, C., Melendez, A., Signes, M. & Bastida, J. (1992) Chemical and mineralogical characteristics of Pleistocene caliche deposits from the central Ebro Basin, NE Spain. Clay Minerals, 27, 293–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaaban, M.N. (2004) Diagenesis of the lower Eocene Thebes Formation, Gebel Rewagen area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 165, 53–65.Google Scholar
Singer, A. (1984) Pedogenic palygorskite in the arid environment. Pp. 169–176 in: Palygorskite-Sepiolite Occurrence, Genesis and Uses (A. Singer & E. Galán, editors). Development in Sedimentology, 37. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Singer, A. (1989) Palygorskite and sepiolite group minerals. Pp. 829–872 in: Minerals in Soil Environments (J.B. Dixon & S.B. Weed, editors). Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.Google Scholar
Strong, G.E., Giles, J.R.A. & Wright, V.P. (1992) A Holocene calcrete from North Yorkshire, England: implications for interpreting palaeoclimates using calcretes. Sedimentology, 39, 333–347.Google Scholar
Torres-Ruz, J., López-Galindo, A., González-López, J.M. & Delgado, A. (1994) Geochemistry of Spanish sepiolite-palygorkite deposits: Genetic considerations based on trace elements and isotopes. Chemical Geology, 112, 221–245.Google Scholar
Verrecchia, E.P. & Le Coustumer, M.N. (1996) Occurrence and genesis of palygorskite and associated clay minerals in a Pleistocene calcrete complex, Sde Bowuer, Negev Desert, Israel. Clay Minerals, 31, 183–202.Google Scholar
Wright, V.P. & Tucker, M.E. (1991) Calcretes. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar
Yalçın, H. & Bozkaya, O. (2011) Sepiolite-palygorskite occurrences in Turkey. Pp. 175–200 in: Developments in Palygorskite-Sepiolite Research (E. Galán & E. Singer, editors). A New Outlook on these Nanomaterials. Developments in Clay Science, Vol. 3. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Zhou, L., Zhang, Z., Li, Y., You, F., Wu, C. & Zheng, C. (2013) Geological and geochemical characteristics in the paleo-weathering crust sedimentary type REE deposits, western Guizhou, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 73, 184–198.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Kadİr et al. supplementary material

Table 2

Download Kadİr et al. supplementary material(File)
File 388.6 KB