Abstract
The carnivorous sponge family Cladorhizidae has been subject to several recent studies, yet the cladorhizid fauna of the Caribbean and adjacent areas remain comparatively poorly known. In this article we provide a description of the novel species Abyssocladia polycephalus sp. nov. from the Muir Seamount NE of Bermuda, belonging to the mainly Pacific genus Abyssocladia, and Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) caribica sp. nov. from the Beata Ridge. Additionally, we provide a re-description of the poorly known species Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) verticillata Topsent, 1920, and compare this species with the closely related species C. (C.) concrescens Schmidt, 1880. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the carnivorous sponges known from the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and adjacent Atlantic Ocean.
References
Arnesen, E. (1920) Spongia. In: Report on the Scientific Results of the "Michael Sars" North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition, 1910. John Grieg, Bergen, pp. 1–29.
Boury-Esnault, N. & Rützler, K. (1997) Thesaurus of Sponge Morphology. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No 596. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 55 pp.
Cristobo, F.J., Ríos, P., Pomponi, S.A. & Xavier, J.R. (2015) A new carnivorous sponge, Chondrocladia robertballardi sp. nov. (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from two north–east Atlantic seamounts. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 95, 1345–1352.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315414001325
de Laubenfels, M.W. (1936) A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera. Vol. 30. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication 467. Carnegie institution of Washington, Washington, 225 pp.
Hajdu, E. & Vacelet, J. (2002) Family Cladorhizidae Dendy, 1922. In: Hooper, J.N. & van Soest, R.W. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 636–641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_68Hansen, G.A. (1885) Spongiadæ. The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876–1878, 1885, 1–26, pls. I–VII.
Hestetun, J., Fourt, M., Vacelet, J., Boury-Esnault, N. & Rapp, H. (2015) Cladorhizidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) of the deep Atlantic collected during Ifremer cruises, with a biogeographic overview of the Atlantic species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 95, 1311–1342.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315413001100
Hestetun, J.T., Rapp, H.T. & Xavier, J. (2016a) Carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Cladorhizidae) from the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge seamounts. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. [in press]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.03.004
Hestetun, J.T., Vacelet, J., Boury-Esnault, N., Borchiellini, C., Kelly, M., Ríos, P., Cristobo, J. & Rapp, H.T. (2016b) The systematics of carnivorous sponges. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 94, 327–345.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.022
Kelly, M. & Vacelet, J. (2011) Three new remarkable carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Cladorhizidae) from deep New Zealand and Australian (Macquarie Island) waters. Zootaxa, 1976, 55–68.
Koltun, V.M. (1970) Sponge fauna of the northwestern Pacific from the shallows to the hadal depths. In: Bogorov, V. (Ed.), Fauna of the Kurile–Kamchatka Trench and its environment. Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. [English translation, 1972]. Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd., Jerusalem, pp. 1–372, pls. I–VIII.
Lankester, E.R. (1882) Dredging in the Norwegian Fjords. Nature, 1882, 478–479.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/026478a0Lee, W.L., Reiswig, H.M., Austin, W.C. & Lundsten, L. (2012) An extraordinary new carnivorous sponge, Chondrocladia lyra, in the new subgenus Symmetrocladia (Demospongiae, Cladorhizidae), from off of northern California, USA. Invertebrate Biology, 131, 259–284.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/Ivb.12001
Lévi, C. (1993) Porifera Demospongiae: Spongiaires bathyaux de Nouvelle-Calédonie, récoltés par le «Jean Charcot» Campagne BIOCAL, 1985. Mémoires du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 158, 9–87.
Levinsen, G.M.R. (1887) Kara-Havets Svampe (Porifera). In: Dijmphna-Togtets zoologisk-botaniske Udbytte, pp. 339–372, pls XXIX–XXXI.
Lopes, D.A., Bravo, A. & Hajdu, E. (2011) New carnivorous sponges (Cladorhizidae: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae) from off Diego Ramírez Archipelago (south Chile), with comments on taxonomy and biogeography of the family. Invertebrate Systematics, 25, 407–443.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is11015
Lopes, D.A. & Hajdu, E. (2014) Carnivorous sponges from deep–sea coral mounds in the Campos Basin (SW Atlantic), with the description of six new species (Cladorhizidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae). Marine Biology Research, 10, 329–356.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2013.797587
Lundbeck, W. (1905) Porifera. (Part II.) Desmacidonidae (pars.). In: The Danish Ingolf-Expedition. 6 (2). BiancoLuno, Copenhagen, pp. 1–219, pls. I–XX.
Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by HMS ‘Challenger’. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5, 325–351, 470–493.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222938609459998
Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’, 1873–1876, Zoology 20 (59), pp. i–lxviii + 1–275, pls. I–LI.
Ríos, P., Kelly, M. & Vacelet, J. (2011) Cercicladia australis, a new carnivorous sponge with novel chelae from the Tasman Basin and the Argentine Patagonian Margin (Porifera, Cladorhizidae). Zootaxa, 3131 (1), 52–62.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3131.1.3Sars, G.O. (1872) On Some Remarkable Forms of Animal Life from the Great Deeps Off the Norwegian Coast. Part 1, partly from posthumous manuscripts of the late professor Dr. Michael Sars. University Program for the 1st half–year 1869. Brøgger & Christie, Christiania, 244 pp.
Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzüge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 2 + (iii–iv) + 88 pp., VI pls.
Schmidt, O. (1875) Spongien. Die Expedition zur physikalisch-chemischen und biologischen Untersuchung der Nordsee im Sommer 1872. Jahresbericht der Commission zur Wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der Deutschen Meere in Kiel, 1875, 115–120, pl. I.
Schmidt, O. (1880) Die Spongien des Meerbusen von Mexico (Und des caraibischen Meeres). Heft II. Abtheilung II. Hexactinelliden. Abtheilung III. Tetractinelliden. Monactinelliden und Anhang. Nachträge zu Abtheilung I (Lithistiden). In: Reports on the dredging under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico, by the USCSS ‘Blake’. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 33–90, pls. V–X.
Smith, S. & Rathbun, R. (1888) Lists of Dredging Stations in North American Waters from 1867 to 1887 [Extracted from the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1886]. Government Printing Office, Washington, 144 pp.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.52030Thomson, W.C. (1873) The Depths of the Sea. Macmillan and Co., London, 686 pp.
Topsent, E. (1901) Spongiaires. In: Résultats du voyage du S.Y. ‘Belgica’en 1897–99 sous le commandement de A. de Gerlache de Gomery. Expédition antarctique belge, 1901, 1–54, pls. I–VI.
Topsent, E. (1920) Spongiaires du Musée Zoologique de Strasbourg. Monaxonides. Bulletin de l’Institut océanographique, 1920, 1–36.
Topsent, E. (1929) Notes sur Helophloeina stylivarians, n. g., n. sp., Mycaline à desmes des Canaries. Bulletin de l’Institut océanographique de Monaco, 1929, 1–8.
Topsent, E. (1930) Chondrocladia yatsui n. sp., de la Baie de Sagami. Annotationes zoologicae japonenses, 1930, 421–432.
Vacelet, J. (2006) New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 148, 553–584.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00234.x
Vacelet, J. (2007) Diversity and evolution of deep–sea carnivorous sponges. Porifera research: biodiversity, innovation and sustainability. Série Livros, 28, 107–115.
Vacelet, J. & Boury-Esnault, N. (2002) A new species of carnivorous deep–sea sponge (Demospongiae : Cladorhizidae) associated with methanotrophic bacteria. Cahiers De Biologie Marine, 43, 141–148.
Vacelet, J., Kelly, M. & Schlacher-Hoenlinger, M. (2009) Two new species of Chondrocladia (Demospongiae: Cladorhizidae) with a new spicule type from the deep south Pacific, and a discussion of the genus Meliiderma. Zootaxa, 2073, 57–68.
Verrill, A.E. (1879) Notice of recent additions to the marine invertebrates of the northeastern coast of America, with descriptions of new genera and species, and critical remarks. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 2, 165–205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.76.165