Abstract
Helina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 is the second genus of Muscidae in terms of richness. This genus includes several species collected at high altitudes and high latitudes, and is poorly studied in the Neotropical region. Only 12 species of Helina have been recorded in the southern limit of South America in the Andean-Patagonian forests. In the present work, we studied all the species known from the Andean-Patagonian forests, with the exception of H. viola Malloch, 1934, present three new species, H. araucana sp. nov., H. dorada sp. nov., and H. ouina sp. nov., and provide the first description of the females of H. australis Carvalho & Pont, 1993 and H. rufoapicata Malloch, 1934. We also propose four new synonymies: H. nigrimana basilaris (Carvalho & Pont, 1993) and H. nigrimana grisea (Malloch, 1934) as new junior synonyms of H. nigrimana (Macquart, 1851); and H. fulvocalyptrata Malloch, 1934 and H. simplex Malloch, 1934 as new junior synonyms of H. chilensis Malloch, 1934. Finally, we provide a generic diagnosis and a new key for the Helina species of the Andean-Patagonian forests, as well as notes on the biology and distribution maps of each specimen, and discuss a preliminary contruction of groups of species.
References
Albuquerque, D. de O. (1956a) Fauna do Distrito Federal: XXXIX. Duas novas espécies de Helina R.-D. (Diptera-Muscidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 5, 167–176.
Albuquerque, D. de O. (1956b) Fauna do Distrito Federal. XLI. Redescrição de Helina angustipennis (Stein, 1911) e descrição de quatro espécies novas (Diptera-Muscidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional. Nova série, Zoologia, 148, 1–33.
Albuquerque, D. de O. (1958) Sôbre uma nova espécie de Helina R.-D., 1830 e notas sôbre Helina pleuraseta Snyder, 1940 (Diptera, Muscidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 8, 47–54.
Albuquerque, D. de O. (1980). Sobre uma espécie nova de Helina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera, Muscidae, Phaoniinae). Dusenia, 12, 69–71.
Albuquerque, D. de O. & Lopes, S.M.R. (1979) Estudos sobre o gênero Xenothoracochaeta Malloch, 1921 com descrição de uma espécie nova (Diptera, Muscidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 39, 519–524.
Bigot, J.M.F. (1885) Diptères nouveaux ou peu connus. 25e partie. XXXIII. Anthomyzides nouvelles. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6 (4 [1884]), 263–304.
Cabrera, A.L. (1971). Fitogeografía de la República Argentina. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica, 14, 1–42.
Carvalho, C.J.B. de (2002) Muscidae (Diptera) of the Neotropical Region: taxonomy. Editora Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 287 pp.
Carvalho, C.J.B. de, Couri, M.S., Pont, A.C., Pamplona, D. & Lopes, S.M. (1993) Part II. Muscidae. In: Carvalho, C.J.B. de (Ed.), A catalogue of the Fanniidae and Muscidae (Diptera) of the Neotropical region. Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia, São Paulo, 201 pp.
Carvalho, C.J.B. de, Couri, M.S., Pont, A.C., Pamplona, D. & Lopes, S.M. (2005) A Catalogue of the Muscidae (Diptera) of the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa, 860, 1–282.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.860.1.1Chebez, J.C. (2005a) Guía de las Reservas Naturales de la Argentina. 1. Patagonia Norte. Editorial Albatros, Buenos Aires. 192 pp.
Chebez, J.C. (2005b) Guía de las Reservas Naturales de la Argentina. 1. Patagonia Austral. Editorial Albatros, Buenos Aires. 192 pp.
Cumming, J.M. & Wood, D.W (2009) Adult morphology and terminology. In: Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J.M., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E. & Zumbado, M. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera, Volume 1. National Research Council of Canada Publishers, Ottawa, pp. 9–50.
Edwards, F.W. (1929) Introduction. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 1, Fascicle 1 (Crane-Flies). British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. vii–xiv.
Hwang, C. & Turner, B.D. (2005) Spatial and temporal variability of necrophagous Diptera from urban to rural areas. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 19, 379–391.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2005.00583.xHijmans, R.J., Guarino, L. & Mathur, P. (2012) DIVA-GIS, version 7.5. Manual. 77pp. Available from: http://www.diva-gis.org/ (accessed 4 March 2015)
Löwerberg-Neto, P. & Carvalho, C.J.B. de (2009). Areas of endemism and spatial diversification of the Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) in the Andean and Neotropical regions. Journal of Biogeography, 36, 1750–1759.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02112.x
Löwerberg-Neto, P. & Carvalho, C.J.B. de (2013) Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) of Latin America and the Caribbean: geographic distribution and check-list by country. Zootaxa, 3650 (1), 01–147.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3650.1.1Löwerberg-Neto, P., Carvalho, C.J.B. de & Hawkins, B.A. (2011) Tropical niche conservatism as a historical narrative hypothesis for the Neotropics: a case study using the fly family Muscidae. Journal of Biogeography, 38, 1936–1947.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02540.xMacquart, J. (1851) Diptères Exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus Suite du 4.e Supplément publié dans les mémoires de 1849 [part]. Mémoires de la Société (Royale) des Sciences, de l’Agriculture et des Arts à Lille, 1850, 134–294.
Malloch, J.R. (1934) Muscidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 7, Fascicle 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 171–346.
Morrone, J.J. (2000) Biogeographic delimitation of the Subantarctic subregion and its provinces. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, 2, 1–15.
Patitucci, L.D., Mulieri, P.R. & Mariluis, J.C. (2011) The type specimens of Anthomyiidae, Muscidae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera: Calyptratae) housed at the Instituto – Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Argentina. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 55, 154–170.
Patitucci, L.D., Mulieri, P.R., Olea, M.S. & Mariluis, J.C. (2013) Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) of Argentina: revision of Buenos Aires province fauna, with a pictorial key to species. Zootaxa, 3702 (4), 301–347.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3702.4.1Pont, A.C. (1967) Notes on some Australasian Muscidae (Diptera) described by J. Macquart. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 3, 181–190.
Pont, A.C. (1972) Family Muscidae. In: A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, 97, 111 pp.
Pont, A.C. (2012) Muscoidea (Fanniidae, Anthomyiidae, Muscidae) described by P. J. M. Macquart (Insecta, Diptera). Zoosystema, 34, 39–111.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2012n1a3Pont, A.C. (2013). The Fanniidae and Muscidae (Diptera) described by Paul Stein (1852–1921). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 89, 31–166.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoos.201300004Pont, A.C. & Werner, D. (2006) The Types of Fanniidae and Muscidae (Diptera) in the Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 82, 3–139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.200600001Ringdahl, O. (1924) Översikt av de hittills i vårt land funna arterna tillhörande släktena Mydaea R.- D.och Helina R.-D. (Muscidae) (Part.). Entomologisk Tidskrift, 45, 39–48.
Skidmore, P. (1985) The biology of the Muscidae of the world. Series Entomologica, 29, 1–550.
Snyder, F.M. (1949) Nearctic Helina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera, Muscidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 94, 111–160.
Snyder, F.M. (1957) Notes and descriptions of some Neotropical Muscidae (Diptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 113, 437–490.
Sorokina, V.S & Pont, A.C. (2011) Fanniidae and Muscidae (Insecta, Diptera) associated with burrows of the Altai Mountains Marmot (Marmota baibacina baibacina Kastschenko, 1899) in Siberia, with the description of new species. Zootaxa, 3118, 31–44.
Stein, P. (1904) Die Amerikanischen Anthomyiden des Königlichen Museums für Naturkunde zu Berlin und des Ungarischen National-Museums zu Budapest. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 2, 414–495.
Stein, P. (1907) Revision der Bigot'schen und einiger von Macquart beschriebenen aussereuropäischen Anthomyiden (Dipt.). [Concl.] Zeitschrift für Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 7, 273–293.
Stein, P. (1911) Die von Schnuse in Südamerika gefangenen Anthomyiden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 77, 61–189.
Wang, M., Wang, R. & Xue, Wq. (2006) A review of the H. obtusipennis species-group of the genus Helina R.-D. (Diptera: Muscidae) from the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, with description of one new species. Zootaxa, 1137, 63–68.
Wang, M., Zhang, D. & Wang, R. (2008) Two new species of the genus Helina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Muscidae) from China with revised diagnosis on the Chinese species. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 44, 139–144.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2008.10697550Xue, Wq. & Sun, H. (2015) Diagnosis and key for the Helina annosa-group (Diptera: Muscidae) from China, with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History, 49, 1549–1583.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2014.954019Zhang, D., Li, K. & Wang, M. (2011) Helina subpyriforma sp. n., a new muscid fly (Diptera: Muscidae) from Yunnan, China. Entomologica Fennica, 22, 1–4.