Abstract
Edwardsiid anemones are common elements of the benthic marine infauna. The group is best known and most speciesrich in the North Atlantic. The Pacific fauna is poorly known, with only one species, Edwardsia californica McMurrich, 1913, described from the eastern Pacific Ocean. We describe eight new species collected from sediment in California: Edwardsia handi sp. nov., Edwardsia juliae sp. nov., Edwardsia mcmurrichi sp. nov., Edwardsia olguini sp. nov., Edwardsia profunda sp. nov., Paraedwardsia heia sp. nov., Scolanthus scamiti sp. nov., and Scolanthus triangulus sp. nov. To differentiate the species and address some taxonomic confusion, we redescribe E. californica and provide a key to the species.References
Andres, A. (1880) Intorno all'Edwardsia Claparedii (Halcampa Claparedii Panc.). Atti dell' Accademia de Lincei, 5, 221–236.
Andres, A. (1881) Prodromus neapolitanae actiniarum faunae addito generalis actiniarum bibliographiae catalogo. Mitteilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 2, 305–371.
Andres, A. (1883) Le Attinie. Coi Tipi der Salviucci, Roma, 460 pp.
Annandale, N. (1915) Fauna of the Chilka Lake. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 5, 65–114.
Carlgren, O. (1921) Actiniaria I. Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (9), 1–241.
Carlgren, O. (1922) Actiniaria und Zoantharia von Juan Fernandez und der Osterinsel. In: Carl Skottsberg (Ed), The Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island Volume 3, Part 2. Almquist & Wiksells Boktryckeri, Upsalla, pp. 145–160.
Carlgren, O. (1924) Actiniaria from New Zealand and its Subantarctic islands. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 77, 179–261.
Carlgren, O. (1931) Zur Kenntniss der Actiniaria Abasilaria. Arkiv for Zoologie, 23A, 1–48.
Carlgren, O. (1936) Some west American sea anemones. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 26, 16–23.
Carlgren, O. (1942) Actiniaria II. Danish Ingolf Expedition 5 (12), 1–92.
Carlgren, O. (1949) A Survey of the Ptychodactiaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 4th Series, 1, 1–121.
Carlgren, O. (1951) Actiniaria. Report of the Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition, Volume 2 (Zoology), 8, 101–104.
Carlgren, O. (1956) Actiniaria from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Report, 2, 9–16.
Carlgren, O. & Stephenson, T.A. (1928) The British Edwardsiidae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 15, 1–30.
Daly, M. (2002) A systematic revision of Edwardsiidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Invertebrate Biology, 121, 212–225.
Daly, M., Fautin, D.G., & Cappola, V.A. (2003) Systematics of the Hexacorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 139, 419–437.
Daly, M., Lipscomb, D.L., & Allard, M.W. (2002) A simple test: evaluating explanations for the relative simplicity of the Edwardsiidae. Evolution, 56, 502–510.
Danielssen, D.C. (1890) Actinida. Den Norske Nordhavs-Expedition 1876–1878. Zoologi. Grøndahl and Søn, Christiana, 184 pp.
Delphy, J. (1938) Les actinies athénaires (Actiniaria Athenaria) de la faune Française. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 10, 619–622.
Düben, M.W. & Koren, J. (1847) Om nogle norske Actinier. Forhandlinger ved de Skandinaviske Naturforskeres, 4, 266–268.
Ellehauge, J.O. (1978) On the ecology of Edwardsia longicornis and E. danica. Biokon Reports, 7, 13–40.
England, K.W. (1987) Actiniaria from the Red Sea and tropical Indo-Pacific. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 53, 205–292.
Farquhar, H. (1898) Preliminary account of some New-Zealand Actiniaria. Journal of the Linnaean Society, London (Zoology), 26, 527–536.
Fautin, D.G. (1998) Class Anthozoa: Orders Actiniaria, Ceriantharia, and Zoantharia. In: P.V. Scott & J.A. Blake (Eds) Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 113–139.
Fautin, D.G. (2007) Hexacorallians of the World. (version July 5 2007) http://hercules.kgs.ku.edu/hexacoral/anemone2/index.cfm
Fautin, D.G. Zelenchuck, T, & Raveendran, D. (2007) Genera of orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia), and their type species. Zootaxa, 1668, 183–244.
Fisher, P. (1887) Contribution a l'Actinologie Française. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale, 5, 381–442.
Gosse, P.H. (1853) On new or little known marine animals. Annals of Natural History, Series 2, 12, 153–159.
Gosse, P.H. (1854) Descriptions of three new species of British Actiniae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 14, 280–284.
Gosse, P.H. (1855) Description of Peachia hastata, a new genus and species of the class Zoophyta; with observations on the family Actiniadae. Transactions of the Linnean Society (London), 21, 267–276.
Hand, C. (1955) The sea anemones of central California Part I. The corallimorpharian and athenarian anemones. Wasmann Journal of Biology, 12, 345–375.
Hand, C. & Uhlinger, K.R. (1994) The unique, widely distributed, estuarine sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis Stephenson: a review, new facts, and questions. Estuaries, 17, 501–508.
Johnson, M.E. & Snook, H.J. (1927) Seashore animals of the Pacific coast. MacMillan, New York, 659 pp.
Kumar, R.S. (2001) Ecological distribution and population structure of mud dwelling Edwardsia (Cnidaria: Actiniaria) in a mangrove habitat of Cochin area, Kerala. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 98, 308–310.
Manuel, R.L. (1977) A redescription of Edwardsia beautempsi and E. timida (Actiniaria: Edwardsidae). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 18, 483–497.
Manuel, R.L. (1981) On the identity of the sea anemone Scolanthus callimorphus, Gosse, 1853 (Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae). Journal of Natural History, 15, 265–276.
Mariscal, R.N. (1974) Nematocysts. In: L. Muscatine & H.M. Lenhoff (Eds), Coelenterate biology: reviews and new perspectives. Academic Press, New York, pp 129–178.
McMurrich, J.P. (1893) Report on the Actiniae collected by the United States Fish Commission Steamer Albatross during the winter of 1887–1888. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 16, 119–216.
McMurrich, J.P. (1913) Description of a new species of actinian of the genus Edwardsiella from southern California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 44, 551–553.
Moseley, H.N. (1877) On new forms of Actiniaria dredged in the deep sea; with a description of certain pelagic surface-swimming species. Transactions of the Linnean Society (London), 1, 295–305.
Nordgaard, O. (1905) Hydrographical and Biological Investigations in Norwegian Fiords. John Greig, Bergen, 254 pp.
Pax, F. (1924) Actiniarien, Zoantharien und Ceriantharien von Curaçao. Kungliga Zoologisch Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra (Amsterdam), 23, 93–122.
Presnell, J.K. & Schreibman, M.P. (1997) Humason’s animal tissue techniques, 5th ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 572 pp.
de Quatrefages, A. (1842) Mmoire sur les Edwardsies. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 18, 65–109.
Schmidt, H. (1979) Beitrage zur Differentialdiagnose, Morphologie, und Evolution der Edwardsiidae (Actiniaria: Anthozoa). I. Die Gattung Alfredus nov. gen. Mit der Typus art A. lucifugus (Fischer, 1888). Institut fr Meereskunde der Universitt Kiel, 20, 192–197.
Seshaiya, R.V. & Cutress, C.E. (1969) Edwardsia jonesii n. sp. (Actiniaria, Edwardsiidae) from Porto Novo, S. India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 11, 73–77.
Shick, J.M. (1991) A functional biology of sea anemones. Chapman & Hall, New York, 395 pp.
Stephenson, T.A. (1928) The British sea anemones, Vol. 1. The Ray Society, London, 148 pp.
Stephenson, T.A. (1935) The British sea anemones, Vol. 2. The Ray Society, London, 426 pp.
Stimpson, W. (1853) Synopsis of the marine invertebrata of Grand Manan: or the region about the mouth of the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 6, 1–66.
Stimpson, W. (1856) Descriptions of some of the new marine invertebrata from the Chinese and Japanese Seas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 375–384.
Torrey, H.B. (1902) Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. XXX. Anemones, with discussion of variation in Metridium. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 4, 373–410.
Verrill, A.E. (1869) Descriptions of a remarkable new jellyfish and two actinians from the coast of Maine. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4, 160–163.
Williams, R.B. (1981) A sea anemone, Edwardsia meridionalis, sp. nov., from Antarctica and a preliminary revision of the genus Edwardsia de Quatrefages, 1841 (Coelenterata: Actiniaria). Records of the Australian Museum, 33, 325–360.