Abstract
This study investigates the published literature and incorporates our field data from 1997 to September 2018 to generate an inventory report of primary freshwater fishes for Perak State in Malaysia. We critically examined and enumerated 186 species from 2 classes, 16 orders, 43 families and 114 genera in 57 localities. A total of 173 fish species (91.4%) are native to Perak and 17 species (8.6%) are non-native. The provisional checklist presented herein is conservative and excludes doubtful inventory records that lack synthesis and traceability. We encountered seven taxonomic discrepancies and we also could not confidently identify eight species. These are explicitly discussed to inform future workers.
References
Abell, R., Thieme, M.L., Revenga, C., Bryer, M., Kottelat, M., Bogutskaya, N., Coad, B., Mandrak, N. , Balderas, S.C., Bussing, W., Stiassny, M.L.J., Skelton, P., Allen, G.R., Unmack, P., Naseka, A., Ng, R., Sindorf, N., Robertson, J., Armijo, E., Higgins, J.V., Heibel, T.J., Wikramanayake, E., Olson, D., Lopez, H.L., Reis, R.E., Lundberg, J.G., Perez, M.H.S. & Petry, P. (2008) Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Biogeographic Units for Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation. BioScience, 58 (5), 403–414.
https://doi.org/10.1641/B580507
Ahl, E. (1922) Über zwei neue Rasbora-Arten des Indo-Malallschen Archipels. Aquarienkunde, 17, 294–296.
Ahmad, A. & Khairul-Adha, A.R. (2005) State of Knowledge on Freshwater Fishes of Malaysia. Proceedings of the Seminar and Workshop. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia, 28–30 June 2005.
Ahmad, A. & Zakaria-Ismail, M. (2014) Additional native fish fauna of rivers & streams flowing into Temengor reservoir, Perak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 664, 407–419.
Ahmad, A., Fahmi-Ahmad, M. & Rizal, S.A. (2014) Fish diversity in small streams of Sungkai Wildlife Reserve, Perak, Malaysia. Journal of Wildlife and Parks, 29, 13–21.
Alfred, E.R. (1963) Some comments on the type specimens of Malayan fishes described by Georg Duncker. Bulletin of the National Museum of Singapore, 32, 165–166.
Arai, T. & Abdul Kadir, S.R. (2017) Diversity, distribution and different habitat use among the tropical freshwater eels of genus Anguilla. Scientific Reports, 7, 7593.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07837-x
Bănărescu, P. (1969) Contributions to the systematics of the genus Oxygaster (Pisces, Cyprinidae) with description of a new subspecies. Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Zoologie, 14 (3), 191–198.
Bohlen, J. & Šlechtová, V. (2011) Nemacheilus paucimaculatus, a new species of loach from the Southern Malay Peninsula (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 59 (2), 201–204.
Bohlen, J., Šlechtová, V., Tan, H.H. & Britz, R. (2011) Phylogeny of the Southeast Asian freshwater fish genus Pangio (Cypriniformes; Cobitidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61 (3), 854–865.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.08.003
Brittan, M.R. (1954) A revision of the Indo-Malayan freshwater fish genus Rasbora. Monographs of the Institute of Science and Technology, Manila, 3, 1–224.
Britz, R. (2010) Macrognathus aureus, a new spiny eel of the M. aculeatus species group from the Upper Ayeyarwaddy River Drainage, Myanmar (Teleostei: Synbranchiformes: Mastacembelidae). Zootaxa, 2514, 55–60.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2514.1.5
Britz, R. Conway, K.W. & Rüber, L. (2014) Miniatures, morphology and molecules: Paedocypris and its phylogenetic position (Teleostei, Cypriniformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 172, 556-615.
https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj12184
Britz, R., & Kottelat, M. (2008) Paedocypris carbunculus, a new species of miniature fish from Borneo (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 56, 415–422.
Brosse, S., Beauchard, O., Blanchet, S., Dürr, H.H., Grenouillet, G., Hugueny, B., Lauzeral, C., Leprieur, F., Tedesco, P.A., Villeger, S. & Oberdorff, T. (2013) Fish-SPRICH: a database of freshwater fish species richness throughout the World. Hydrobiologia, 700 (1), 343–349.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1242-6
Chong, V.C., Lee, P.K.Y. & Lau, C.M. (2010) Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 76, 2009–2066.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02685.x
Ciccotto, P.J., Pfeiffer, J.M. & Page, L.M. (2017) Revision of the Cyprinid Genus Crossocheilus (Tribe Labeonini) with Description of a New Species. Copeia, 105 (2), 269–292.
https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-16-538
Clemann, N., Rowe, K.M.C., Rowe, K.C., Raadik, T., Gomon, M., Menkhorst, P., Sumner, J., Bray, D., Norman, M. & Melville, J. (2014) Value and impacts of collecting vertebrate voucher specimens, with guidelines for ethical collection. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 72, 141–151.
https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2014.72.09
Compagno, L.J.V. & Roberts, T.R. (1982) Freshwater stingrays (Dasyatidae) of Southeast Asia and New Guinea, with description of a new species of Himantura and reports of unidentified species. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 7 (4), 321–339.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00005567
Conte-Grand, C., Britz, R., Dahanukar, N., Raghavan, R., Pethiyagoda, R., Tan, H.H., Hadiaty, R.K., Yaakob, N.S. & Ruber, L. (2017) Barcoding snakeheads (Teleostei, Channidae) revisited: Discovering greater species diversity and resolving perpetuated taxonomic confusions. PLoS ONE 12 (9), e0184017.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184017
de Beaufort, L.F. (1933) On some new or rare species of Ostariophysi from the Malay Peninsula and a new species of Betta from Borneo. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 8, 31–36.
de Carvalho, M.R., Bockmann, F., Amorim, D., Branda˜o, C., de Vivo, M., de Figueiredo, J., Britski, H., de Pinna, M., Menezes, N., Marques, F., Papavero Cancello, E., Crisci, J., McEachran, J., Schelly, R., Lundberg, J., Gill, A., Britz, R., Wheeler, Q., Stiassny, M., Parenti, L., Page, L., Wheeler, W., Faivovich, J., Vari, R., Grande, L., Humphries, C., DeSalle, R., Ebach, M.C. & Nelson, G. (2007) Taxonomic impediment or impediment to taxonomy? Evolutionary Biology, 34, 140–143.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6784-2
Duncker, G. (1904) Die Fische der malayischen Halbinsel. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen (Zoologischen) Museum in Hamburg, 21, 133–207.
Ebach, M.C. & Holdrege, C. (2005) DNA barcoding is no substitute for taxonomy. Nature, 434, 697.
https://doi.org/10.1038/434697b
Esa, Y.B. & Rahim, K.A.A. (2013) Genetic structure and preliminary findings of cryptic diversity of the Malaysian Mahseer (Tor tambroides Valenciennes: Cyprinidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses. BioMed Research International, 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/170980
Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W.N. & van der Laan, R. (eds) (2018) Catalogue of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. California Academy of Sciences. Available from http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp (Accessed 20 October 2018)
Herre, A.W.C.T. (1936) Eleven new fishes from the Malay Peninsula. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 12, 5–16.
Herre, A.W.C.T. & Myers, G.S. (1937) A contribution to the ichthyology of the Malay Peninsula. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 13, 5–75.
Herre, A.W.C.T. (1940a) Additions to the fish fauna of Malaya and notes on rare or little known Malayan and Bornean fishes. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 16, 27–61.
Herre, A.W.C.T. (1940b) New species of fishes from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 16, 5–26.
Hora, S.L. & Gupta, J.C. (1941) Notes on Malayan fishes in the collection of the Raffles Museum, Singapore. I. Catfishes of the families Siluridae, Bagridae, Amblycepidae, Akysidae, Sisoridae, Chacidae, Schilbeidae and Clariidae. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 17, 12–43.
Inger, R.F. & Chin, P.K. (2002) The freshwater fishes of North Borneo, with a revised supplementary chapter. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
Johnson, D.S., (1967) Distributional Patterns of Malayan Freshwater Fish. Ecology, 48 (5), 722–730.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1933729
Khaironizam, M.Z., Zakaria-Ismail, M. & Armbruster, J.W. (2015) Cyprinid fishes of the genus Neolissochilus in Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa, 3962 (1), 139–157.
Khairul Adha, A.R. (2011) The Contribution of Non-indigenous Fish for Aquaculture Development in Malaysia. Majalah Akuakultur Malaysia, Ministry of Agriculture.
Kim, K.C. & Byrne, L.B. (2006) Biodiversity loss and the taxonomic bottleneck: emerging biodiversity science. Ecological Research, 21, 794–810.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0035-7
Kottelat, M. (1991) Notes on the taxonomy of some Sundaic and Indochinese species of Rasbora, with description of four new species (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 2, 177–191.
Kottelat, M. (1995) Four new species of fishes from the middle Kapuas basin, Indonesian Borneo (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae and Belontiidae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 43 (1), 51–64.
Kottelat, M. (2000) Diagnoses of a new genus and 64 new species of fishes from Laos (Teleostei: Cyprinidae, Balitoridae, Bagridae, Syngnathidae, Chaudhuriidae and Tetraodontidae). Journal of South Asian Natural History, 5 (1), 37–82.
Kottelat, M. (2013) The fishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia: A catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 27, 1–663.
Kottelat, M., Britz, R., Tan, H.H. & Witte, K.E. (2006) Paedocypris, a new genus of Southeast Asian cyprinid fish with a remarkable sexual dimorphism, comprises the world’s smallest vertebrate. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B, 273, 895–899.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3419
Kottelat, M. & Lim, K.K.P. (1992) A synopsis of the Malayan species of Lepidocephalichthys, with descriptions of two new species (Teleostei: Cobitidae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 40 (2), 201–220.
Kottelat, M. & Lim, K.K.P. (1993) A review of the eel loaches of the genus Pangio (Teleostei: Cobitidae) from the Malay Peninsula, with descriptions of six new species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 41 (2), 203–249.
Kottelat, M. & Lim, K.K.P. (1994) Diagnoses of two new genera and three new species of earthworm eels from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo (Teleostei: Chaudhuriidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 5 (2), 181–190.
Kottelat, M. & Lim, K.K.P. (1995) Freshwater fishes of Sarawak and Brunei Darulsalam: A preliminary annotated checklist. The Sarawak Museum Journal, 48, 227–256.
Kottelat, M. & Ng, P.K.L. (2005) Diagnoses of six new species of Parosphromenus (Teleostei: Belontiidae) from Malay Peninsula and Borneo. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 3, 101–113.
Kottelat, M. & Tan, H.H. (2009) Osteochilus flavicauda, a new species of fish from the Malay Peninsula (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 20 (1), 1–5.
Kottelat, M. & Widjanarti, E. (2005). The fishes of Danau Sentarum National Park and the Kapuas Lakes area, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia. Raffles Bull. Zool. Supplement (13), 139–173.
Kottelat, M. & Witte, K.E. (1999) Two new species of Microrasbora from Thailand and Myanmar, with two new generic names for small Southeast Asian cyprinid fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Journal of South Asian Natural History, 4(1): 49–56.
Kottelat, M., Whitten, A.J., Kartikasari, S.N. & Wirjoatmodjo, S. (1993) Freshwater fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong.
Krell, F.T. & Wheeler, Q.D. (2014) Specimen collection: Plan for the future. Science, 344, 815–816.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.344.6186.815
Kullander, S.O. & Britz, R. (2015) Description of Danio absconditus, new species, and redescription of Danio feegradei (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), from the Rakhine Yoma hotspot in south-western Myanmar. Zootaxa, 3948 (2), 233–247.
Lee, P. & Sulaiman, Z. (2015) Genetic identification and structure of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Southeast Asia using a mitochondrial DNA marker. Zootaxa, 3962 (1), 182–190.
Leveque, C., Oberdorff, T., Paugy, D., Stiassny, M.L.J. & Tedesco, P.A., (2008) Global diversity of fish (Pisces) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 545–567.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9034-0
Liao, T.Y. & Tan. H.H. (2011) Brevibora cheeya, a new species of cyprinid fish from Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 59 (1), 77–82.
Lim, K.K.P & Kwik, J.T.B. (2012) New record of the Chinese Cyprinid fish Toxobramis Houdemeri in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 5, 271–273.
Lim, K.K.P. & Tan, H.H. (2002) Freshwater fish diversity in Peninsular Malaysia: A review of recent findings, In: Ali, A. et al. (eds.), The Asian Wetlands: Bringing Partnerships Into Good Wetland Practices, Proceedings of the Asian Wetland Symposium, 2001. Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang.
Lim, K.K.P., Ng, P.K.L., Kottelat, M. & Zakaria-Ismail, M. (1993) A Preliminary Working List of Native Freshwater Fishes of Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysia. AWB Publication, 94, 1–10.
Lucas, S.G. (1986) Proper syntax when using aff. and cf. in taxonomic statements. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 6 (2), 202.
Mayden, R.L. & Chen, W.J. (2010) The world’s smallest vertebrate species of the genus Paedocypris: a new family of freshwater fishes and the sister group to the world’s most diverse clade of freshwater fishes (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 57, 152–175.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.008
Menon, A.G.K. (1954) Notes on Malayan fishes in the collection of the Raffles Museum, Singapore. Part 4. The cyprinid fishes. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 25, 5–26.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2011) Review of the national water resources study (2000-2050), Volume 13 Perak. Kuala Lumpur.
Nelson, J.S., Grande, T.C. & Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World, 5th Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
Ng, C.K.C., Abdullah, F., Biun, H., Ibrahim, M.K., Mustapha, S. & Sade, A. (2017) Review: A working checklist of the freshwater fish diversity for habitat management and conservation work in Sabah, Malaysia, North Borneo. Biodiversitas, 18, 560–574.
https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180217
Ng, C.K.C., Goh, C.H., Lin, J.C., Tan, M.S., Bong, W., Yong, C.S., Chong, J.Y, Ooi, P.A.C., Wong, W.L. & Khoo, G. (2018) Water quality variation during a strong El Niño event in 2016: a case study in Kampar River, Malaysia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190 (7), 402.
Ng, C.K.C., Ooi, P.A.C., Wong, W.L. & Khoo, G. (2017a) An overview of the status, trends and challenges of freshwater fish research and conservation in Malaysia. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 3 (2), 7–21.
Ng, C.K.C., Ooi, P.A.C., Wong, W.L. & Khoo, G. (2017b) A Review of Fish Taxonomy Conventions and Species Identification Techniques. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 4 (1), 54–93.
Ng, H.H. & Kottelat, M. (2008) The identity of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758), with the designation of a neotype (Teleostei: Clariidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 153, 725–732.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00391.x
Ng, H.H. & Kottelat, M. (2013a). The identity of the cyprinid fishes Rasbora dusonensis and R. tornieri (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa, 3635 (1), 62–70.
Ng, H.H. & Kottelat, M. (2013b) Revision of the Asian Catfish Genus Hemibagrus Bleeker, 1862 (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Bagridae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 61 (1), 205–291.
Ng, H.H. & Kottelat, M. (2016) The Glyptothorax of Sundaland: A revisionary study (Teleostei: Sisoridae). Zootaxa, 4188 (1), 1–92.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4188.1.1
Ng, H.H. & Ng, P.K.L. (2001) A revision of the akysid catfish genus Acrochordonichthys Bleeker. Journal of Fish Biology, 58 (2), 386–418.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02260.x
Ng, H.H. & Tan, H.H. (1999) The fishes of the Endau Drainage, Peninsular Malaysia with descriptions of two new species of catfishes (Teleostei: Akysidae, Bagridae). Zoological Studies, 38 (3), 350–366.
Ng, H.H. & Tan, H.H. (2000) A new species of Encheloclarias from Sumatra. Journal of Fish Biology, 57 (2), 536–540.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02193.x
Ng, P.K.L. & Kottelat, M. (1994) Revision of the Betta waseri group (Teleostei: Belontiidae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 42, 593–611.
Ng, P.K.L., Tay, J.B., Lim, K.K.P. & Yang, C.M. (1992) The conservation of fish and other aquatic fauna of the North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest and adjacent areas. AWB publication, Kuala Lumpur.
Nguyen, T.T.T., Na-Nakorn, U., Sukmanomon, S. & ZiMing, C. (2008) A study on phylogeny and biogeography of mahseer species (Pisces: Cyprinidae) using sequences of three mitochondrial DNA gene regions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48, 1223–1231.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.006
Nichols, J.T. (1943) Fresh-Water Fishes of China. The American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Norfatimah, M.Y., Teh, L.K., Salleh, M.Z., Mat Isa, M.N. & SitiAzizah, M.N. (2014) Complete mitochondrial genome of Malaysian Mahseer (Tor tambroides). Gene, 548, 263–269.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.044
Parenti, L.R. & Lim, K.K.P. (2005) Fishes of the Rajang Basin, Sarawak, Malaysia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 15, 175–208.
Rainboth, W.J. (1996) The taxonomy, systematics, and zoogeography of Hypsibarbus, a new genus of large barbs (Pisces, Cyprinidae) from the rivers of southeastern Asia. University of California Publications, Zoology, 129, 1–199.
Reddy, C.S., Chaya, P. & Varma, Y.N.R. (2009) Classifying species at risk: conservation problem. Current Science, 96, 326–327.
Roberts, T.R. (1982) The southeast Asian freshwater pufferfish genus Chonerhinos (Tetraodontidae), with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4), 43 (1), 1–16.
Roberts, T.R. (1989) The freshwater fishes of western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia). Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, 14, 1–210.
Roberts, T.R. (1993) Systematic revision of the Southeast Asian cyprinid fish genus Labiobarbus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 41, 315–329.
Roberts, T.R. (1999) Fishes of the cyprinid genus Tor in the Nam Theun watershed (Mekong Basin) of Laos, with description of a new species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 47 (1), 225–236.
Sauvage, H.E. (1884) Note sur une collection de poisons recueillies à Pérak, presqu'île de Malacca. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 9, 216–220.
Shafiq, Z.M., Shah, A.S.R.M., Zarul, H.H., Syaiful, M.M., Khaironizam, M.Z., Khaled, P. & Hamzah, Y. (2014) An annotated checklist of fish fauna of Bukit Merah Reservoir and its catchment area, Perak, Malaysia. Check List 10 (4), 822–828.
https://doi.org/10.15560/10.4.822
Smedley, N. (1931) An osteoglossis fish in the Malay Peninsula. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 5, 67. Available from: https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/05brm067-068.pdf (27 June 2018)
Sufi, S.M.K. (1957) Revision of the Oriental fishes of the family Mastacembelidae. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 27, 94-146. Available from: https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/27brm093-146.pdf (25 August 2018).
Sulaiman, Z., Tan, H.H. & Lim, K.K.P. (2018) Annotated checklist of freshwater fishes from Brunei Darussalam, Borneo. Zootaxa, 4379 (1), 24-46.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4379.1.2
Tan, H.H. & Kottelat, M. (2009) The fishes of the Batang Hari drainage, Sumatra, with description of six new species. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 20, 13–69.
Tan, H.H. & Ng, P.K.L. (2005a) Homaloptera parclitella, a new species of torrent loach from the Malay Peninsula, with redescription of H. orthogoniata (Teleostei: Balitoridae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 16 (1), 1–12.
Tan, H.H. & Ng, P.K.L. (2005b) The labyrinth fishes (Teleostei: Anabantoidei, Channoidei) of Sumatra, Indonesia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 13, 115–138.
Tan, H.H. & Ng, P.K.L. (2005c) The fighting fishes (Teleostei: Osphronemidae: Genus Betta) of Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 13, 43–99.Tan, H.H. & Tan, S.H. (1996) Redescription of the Malayan Fighting Fish Betta pugnax (Teleostei: Belontiidae), and description of Betta pulchra, new species from Peninsular Malaysia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 44 (2), 419–434.
Tan, T.H.T. & Ng, P.K.L. (1996) Catfishes of the Ompok leiacanthus (Bleeker, 1853) species group (Teleostei: Siluridae) from Southeast Asia, with description of a new species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 44 (2), 531–542.
Tweedie, M.W.F. (1934) A list of fishes in the Collection of the Raffles Museum. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 9, 16–28.
Tweedie, M.W.F. (1940) Additions to the collection of fishes in the Raffles Museum. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 16, 68–82.
Tweedie, M.W.F. (1952) Notes on Malayan fresh-water fishes. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 24, 63–95.
Tweedie, M.W.F. (1961) Notes on Malayan fresh-water fishes. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 26, 178–185.
Walton, S.E., Gan, H.M., Raghavan, R., Pinder, A. & Ahmad, A. (2017) Disentangling the Taxonomy of the Mahseers (Tor spp.) of Malaysia: An Integrated Approach Using Morphology, Genetics and Historical Records. Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture, 171–183.
Weber, M. & de Beaufort, L.F. (1916) The fishes of the Indo-Australian archipelago. III. Ostariophysi: II Cyprinoidea, Apodes, Synbranchi. Brill, Leiden.
Willis, S.C., Nunes, M.S., Montaña, C.G., Farias, I.P., & Lovejoy, N.R. (2007) Systematics, biogeography, and evolution of the Neotropical peacock basses Cichla (Perciformes: Cichlidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44 (1), 291–307.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.12.014
Zakaria-Ismail, M. (1992) Background paper on Marine & Freshwater Fisheries in Malaysian National Conservation Strategy. Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
Zakaria-Ismail, M. (1994) Zoogeography and biodiversity of the freshwater fishes of Southeast Asia. Hydrobiologia, 285 (1-3), 41–48.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00005652