Phonetica was published by Karger Publishers up to and including 2020. If you or your institution subscribed to Phonetica during that period, you might still have access to the full text of this article on the Karger platform if you cannot access it here.
Abstract
Two experiments examined the acoustic correlates of the disyllabic tonal accent contrast in the Trøndersk dialect of Norwegian, and how narrow focus and phrasal position shape the contrast. Production results showed that both tonal accents have a high-low (HL) pitch contour, with different timing. In narrow focus, the pitch contrast was enlarged through asymmetrical F0 changes. When at the right edge of an accent phrase (AP), the accents were shown to have a higher L, lower AP H% tone, shorter stressed vowel, and longer final vowel. The alignment changes reflected tonal crowding while segmental modifications were due to the phrase-final lengthening in AP-final position. This work contributes to the literature on prosodic typology as well as on the implementation of prosodic focus and sentence intonation in languages with lexical pitch contrasts.
verified
References
1 Abrahamsen JE (2004): Focus in the Herøy dialect; in Bruce G, Horne M (eds): Nordic Prosody IX. Lund, Lang, pp 9-18.Search in Google Scholar
2 Abramson AS (1979): Lexical tone and sentence prosody in Thai. Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Copenhagen, pp 380-387.Search in Google Scholar
3 Almberg J (2004): Tonal differences between four Norwegian dialect regions - some acoustic findings; in Bruce G, Horne M (eds): Nordic Prosody IX. Lund, Lang, pp 19-28.Search in Google Scholar
4 Arvaniti A, Ladd DR, Mennen I (2006): Phonetic effects of focus and “tonal crowding” in intonation: evidence from Greek polar questions. Speech Commun 48:667-696.10.1016/j.specom.2005.09.012Search in Google Scholar
5 Bannert R (1979): The effect of sentence accent on quantity. Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Copenhagen, pp 253-259.Search in Google Scholar
6 Bannert R, Bredvad-Jensen A-C (1975): Temporal Organization of Swedish Tonal Accent: The Effect of Vowel Duration. Working Papers No 10. Lund, Department of Linguistics, Lund University, pp 1-36.Search in Google Scholar
7 Bannert R, Bredvad-Jensen AC (1977): Temporal organization of Swedish tonal accents: the effect of vowel duration in the Gotland dialect. Working Papers No 15. Lund, Department of Linguistics, Lund University, pp 122-138.Search in Google Scholar
8 Beckman ME (1986): Stress and Non-Stress Accent. Dordrecht, Foris.10.1515/9783110874020Search in Google Scholar
9 Beckman ME, Edwards J (1990): Lengthenings and shortenings and the nature of prosodic constituency; in Kingston J, Beckman M (eds): Papers in Laboratory Phonology I. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp 179-200.Search in Google Scholar
10 Beckman ME, Edwards J (1994): Articulatory evidence for differentiating stress categories; in Keating PA (ed): Phonological Structure and Phonetic Form: Papers in Laboratory Phonology III. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp 7-33.10.1017/CBO9780511659461Search in Google Scholar
11 Beckman ME, Pierrehumbert JB (1986): Intonational structure in English and Japanese. Phonol Yearb 3:255-310.10.1017/S095267570000066XSearch in Google Scholar
12 Bjerrum M (1948): Felstedmaalets tonale accenter. Aarhus, Universitetsforlaget i Aarhus.Search in Google Scholar
13 Boersma P, Weenink D (2011): Praat: doing phonetics by computer (computer program). Version 5.3.03. http://www.praat.org/.Search in Google Scholar
14 Bookcoverimgs.com. (2012): Map of regions of Norway. Digital image. http://norwords.com/settigang2/grammar/regions/index.html/.Search in Google Scholar
15 Bruce G (1977): Swedish Word Accents in Sentence Perspective. Travaux de l'Institut de Linguistique de Lund. Lund, Gleerup, vol 12.Search in Google Scholar
16 Bruce G (1981): Tonal and temporal interplay. Working Papers 21. Lund, Department of Linguistics, Lund University, pp 49-60.Search in Google Scholar
17 Bruce G (2005): Intonational prominence in varieties of Swedish revisited; in Ah Jun S (ed): Prosodic Typology: The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp 410-429.Search in Google Scholar
18 Cambier-Langeveld T, Turk AE (1999): A cross-linguistic study of accentual lengthening: Dutch vs English. J Phon 27:255-280.10.1006/jpho.1999.0096Search in Google Scholar
19 Campbell N, Beckman M (1997): Accent, stress and spectral tilt. J Acoust Soc Am 101:3195.10.1121/1.419208Search in Google Scholar
20 Chafe WL (1976): Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics and point of view; in Li CN (ed): Subject and Topic. New York, Academic Press, pp 27-55.Search in Google Scholar
21 Chen S-W, Wang B, Xu Y (2009): Closely related languages, different ways of realizing focus. Interspeech 2009, Brighton, pp 1007-1010.10.1016/j.wocn.2010.06.004Search in Google Scholar
22 Chen Y (2010): Post-focus F0 compression: now you see it, now you don't. J Phon 38:517-525.10.1121/1.392372Search in Google Scholar PubMed
23 Cooper WE, Eady SJ, Mueller PR (1985): Acoustical aspects of contrastive stress in question-answer contexts. J Acoust Soc Am 77:2142-2156.10.1121/1.392372Search in Google Scholar
24 Derksen R (1966): Metatony in Baltic. Amsterdam, Rodopi.10.1121/1.400475Search in Google Scholar
25 Eefting W (1991): The effect of “information value” and “accentuation” on the duration of Dutch words, syllables, and segments. J Acoust Soc Am 89:412-424.10.1121/1.400475Search in Google Scholar
26 Elstad K (1978): Det nordnorske cirkumsflekstonemet; in Gårding E, Bruce G, Bannert R (eds): Nordic Prosody. Lund, pp 165-174.Search in Google Scholar
27 Féry C, Kügler F (2008): Pitch accent scaling on given, new and focused constituents in German. J Phon 36:680-703.10.1016/j.wocn.2008.05.001Search in Google Scholar
28 Fintoft K (1970): Acoustical Analysis and Perception of Tonemes in Some Norwegian Dialects. Oslo, Universitetsforlaget.Search in Google Scholar
29 Fintoft K (1987): Toneme patterns in Norwegian and in Swedish dialects; in Channon R, Shockey L (eds): In Honor of Ilse Lehiste. Foris, Dordrecht, pp 33-50.10.1016/j.wocn.2005.03.002Search in Google Scholar
30 Fournier R, Verhoeven J, Swerts M, Gussenhoven C (2006): Perceiving word prosodic contrasts as a function of sentence prosody in two Dutch Limburgian dialects. J Phon 34:29-48.10.1017/S0332586500000718Search in Google Scholar
31 Fretheim T (1981): Intonational phrasing in Norwegian. Nord J Linguist 4: 111-137.10.1017/S0332586500000718Search in Google Scholar
32 Fretheim T (1982): Norwegian intonation patterns in discourse perspective: is there a neutral intonation? In Fretheim T, Hellan L (eds): Papers from the Sixth Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics. Trondheim, Tapir,pp 193-204.10.1017/S0332586500001566Search in Google Scholar
33 Fretheim T (1987a): Phonetically low tone-phonologically high tone, and vice versa. Nord J Linguist 10:35-58.10.1017/S0332586500001566Search in Google Scholar
34 Fretheim T (1987b): Pragmatics and intonation; in Verschueren J, Bertuccelli-Papi M (eds): The Pragmatic Perspective. Amsterdam, Benjamins, pp 395-420.10.1075/pbcs.5.32freSearch in Google Scholar
35 Fretheim T (1991): Intonational phrases and syntactic focus domains; in Verschueren J (ed): Levels of Linguistic Adaptation. Amsterdam, Benjamins, pp 81-112.Search in Google Scholar
36 Fretheim T, Nilsen RA (1989): Terminal rise and rise-fall tunes in East Norwegian intonation. Nord J Linguist 12:155-181.10.1017/S0332586500002031Search in Google Scholar
37 Gårding E (1973): The Scandinavian word accents. Working Papers 8. Lund, Phonetics Laboratory, Lund University.Search in Google Scholar
38 Gårding E (1993): Focal domains and their tonal manifestations in some Swedish dialects; in Grandström B, Nord L (eds): Nordic Prosody VI. Stockholm, Almquist & Wiksell, pp 65-76.Search in Google Scholar
39 Gårding E, Lindblad P (1975): Constancy and variation in Swedish word accent patterns. Working Papers 7. Lund, Phonetics Laboratory, Lund University, pp 36-100.Search in Google Scholar
40 Grabe E, Post B, Nolan F, Farrar F (2000): Pitch accent realization in four varieties of British English. J Phon 27:161-185.10.1006/jpho.2000.0111Search in Google Scholar
41 Google Maps (2016): Norway. https://www.google.at/maps/@63.0062863,8.7147647,8z/data =!3m1!4b1!4m2!6m1!1szSvGrFZM0LUI.k0HftQJAEgOk?hl = en.Search in Google Scholar
42 Gussenhoven C (1984): On the Grammar and Semantics of Sentence Accents. Dordrecht, Foris.10.1515/9783110859263Search in Google Scholar
43 Gussenhoven C (2004): The Phonology of Tone and Intonation. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511616983Search in Google Scholar
44 Gussenhoven C (2005): Semantics of prosody; in Brown K (ed): Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, ed 2. Oxford, Elsevier, pp 170-173.Search in Google Scholar
45 Gussenhoven C, Bruce G (1999): Word prosody and intonation; in van der Hulst H (ed): Word Prosodic Systems in the Languages of Europe. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter, pp 233-271.Search in Google Scholar
46 Gussenhoven C, van der Vliet P (1999): The phonology of tone and intonation in the Dutch dialect of Venlo. J Linguist 35:99-135.10.1017/S0022226798007324Search in Google Scholar
47 Hadding-Koch K (1961): Acoustico-Phonetic Studies in the Intonation of Southern Swedish. Lund, Gleerup.Search in Google Scholar
48 Hadding-Koch K (1962): Notes on the Swedish word tones. 4th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Helsinki 1961, pp 630-638.Search in Google Scholar
49 Haugen E, Joos M (1952): Tone and intonation in East Norwegian. Acta Philol Scand 22:41-64.Search in Google Scholar
50 Hayes B, Lahiri A (1991): Bengali intonational phonology. Nat Lang Linguist Theory 9:47-96.10.1007/BF00133326Search in Google Scholar
51 Heldner M, Strangert E (2001): Temporal effects of focus in Swedish. J Phon 29:329-361.10.1006/jpho.2001.0143Search in Google Scholar
52 Hualde JI (1991): Basque Phonology. London, Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
53 Hualde JI (2012): Two Basque accentual systems and the notion of pitch-accent language. Lingua 122:1335-1351.10.1016/j.lingua.2012.05.003Search in Google Scholar
54 Hyman L (2009): How (not) to do phonological typology: the case of pitch-accent. Lang Sci 31:213-238.10.1016/j.langsci.2008.12.007Search in Google Scholar
55 Karins AK (1996): The Prosodic Structure of Latvian; doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Search in Google Scholar
56 Karlsson A, House D, Svantesson J-A, Tayanin D (2010): Influence of lexical tones on intonation in Kammu. Interspeech 2010, Chiba, pp 1740-1743.10.21437/Interspeech.2010-499Search in Google Scholar
57 Katz J, Selkirk E (2011): Contrastive focus vs discourse-new: evidence from phonetic prominence in English. Language 87:771-816.10.1353/lan.2011.0076Search in Google Scholar
58 Kelly NE (2015): An Experimental Approach to the Production and Perception of Norwegian Tonal Accent; doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.Search in Google Scholar
59 Kelly NE, Schweitzer K (2015): Examining Lexical Tonal Contrast in Norwegian Using Intonation Modelling. 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Glasgow, August 2015.Search in Google Scholar
60 Kelly NE, Smiljanić R (2014): The effect of focus on Norwegian tonal accent. Proceedings of Tonal Aspects of Languages 2014, Nijmegen, pp 95-99.Search in Google Scholar
61 Kim G-R (1988): The Pitch Accent System of the Taegu Dialect of Korean with Emphasis on Tone Sandhi at the Phrasal Level; doctoral dissertation, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.Search in Google Scholar
62 Koreman J, Andreeva B, Barry WJ, Van Dommelen W, Sikveland R (2009): Cross-language differences in the production of phrasal prominence in Norwegian and German. Nordic Prosody: Proceedings of the Xth Conference, Helsinki, August 4-6, 2008.Search in Google Scholar
63 Kristoffersen G (2000): The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
64 Kristoffersen G (2003): The tone bearing unit in Swedish and Norwegian tonology; in Galberg Jacobsen H, Bleses D, Madsen TO, Thomsen P (eds): Take Danish - For Instance. Linguistic Studies in Honour of Hans Basbøll. Odense, University Press of Southern Denmark, pp 189-198.Search in Google Scholar
65 Kristoffersen G (2006a): Dialect variation in East Norwegian tone. Unpublished manuscript.10.1515/9783110207569.91Search in Google Scholar
66 Kristoffersen G (2006b): Tonal melodies and tonal alignment in East Norwegian; in Bruce G, Horne M (eds): Nordic Prosody IX. Frankfurt am Main, Lang.Search in Google Scholar
67 Ladd DR (1978): The Structure of Intonational Meaning. Ithaca, Cornell University.Search in Google Scholar
68 Ladd DR (1996): Intonational Phonology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
69 Ladd DR, Schepman A, White L, Quarmby LM, Stackhouse R (2009): Structural and dialectal effects on pitch peak alignment in two varieties of British English. J Phon 37:145-161.10.1016/j.wocn.2008.11.001Search in Google Scholar
70 Lin M (2004): On production and perception of boundary tone in Chinese intonation. Proceedings of Tonal Aspects of Languages 2004, Beijing, pp 125-130.Search in Google Scholar
71 Lorentz·(1981): Adding tone to tone in Scandinavian dialects; in Fretheim T (ed): Nordic Prosody II. Trondheim, Tapir, pp 166-180.Search in Google Scholar
72 Mixdorff H, Andreeva B, Koreman J (2010): Quantitative modelling of Norwegian tonal accents in different focus conditions. Proceedings of Speech Prosody 2010, Chicago.Search in Google Scholar
73 Morén B, Zsiga E (2006): The lexical and post-lexical phonology of Thai tones. Nat Lang Linguist Theory 24:113-178.10.1007/s11049-004-5454-ySearch in Google Scholar
74 Nilsen RA (1989): On prosodically marked information structure in spoken Norwegian. University of Trondheim Working Papers in Linguistics 7. Trondheim, University of Trondheim.Search in Google Scholar
75 Nilsen RA (1992): Intonasjon i interaksjon - sentrale spørsmål i norsk intonologi; doctoral dissertation, University of Trondheim.Search in Google Scholar
76 Peters J (2007): Bitonal lexical pitch accents in the Limburgian dialect of Borgloon; in Riad T, Gussenhoven C (eds): Tones and Tunes. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter, vol 1: Typological and Comparative Studies in Word and Sentence Prosody, pp 167-198.Search in Google Scholar
77 Peters J, Hanssen J, Gussenhoven C (2014): The phonetic realization of focus in West Frisian, Low Saxon, High German, and three varieties of Dutch. J Phon 46:185-209.10.1016/j.wocn.2014.07.004Search in Google Scholar
78 Pierrehumbert J (1980): The Phonology and Phonetics of English Intonation; doctoral dissertation, MIT, Cambridge.Search in Google Scholar
79 Pierrehumbert J (2000): Tonal elements and their alignment; in Horne M (ed): Prosody: Theory and Experiment. Studies Presented to Gösta Bruce. Dordrecht, Kluwer, pp 11-26.10.1007/978-94-015-9413-4_2Search in Google Scholar
80 Pierrehumbert J, Beckman M (1988): Japanese Tone Structure. Cambridge, MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
81 Prieto P (2014): The intonational phonology of Catalan; in Jun S-A (ed): Prosodic Typology 2. The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp 43-80.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567300.003.0003Search in Google Scholar
82 Prieto P, D'Imperio M, Gili Fivela B (2005): Pitch accent alignment in Romance: primary and secondary associations with metrical structure. Lang Speech 48:359-396.10.1177/00238309050480040301Search in Google Scholar PubMed
83 Prieto P, van Santen J, Hirschberg J (1995): Tonal alignment patterns in Spanish. J Phon 23:429-451.10.1006/jpho.1995.0032Search in Google Scholar
84 R Development Core Team (2008): R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. http://www.R-project.org.Search in Google Scholar
85 Remijsen B (2002): Word-Prosodic Systems of Raja Ampat Languages; doctoral dissertation, Leiden University.Search in Google Scholar
86 Remijsen B (2013): Tonal alignment is contrastive in falling contours in Dinka. Language 89:297-327.10.1353/lan.2013.0023Search in Google Scholar
87 Remijsen B, Gwado Ayoker·(2014): Evidence for contrastive tonal alignment in Shilluk. Proceedings of Tonal Aspects of Languages 2014, Nijmegen, pp 6-9.Search in Google Scholar
88 Remijsen B, van Heuven VJ (2005): Stress, tone and discourse prominence in the Curaçao dialect of Papiamentu. Phonology 22:205-235.10.1017/S0952675705000540Search in Google Scholar
89 Riad T (1998): Towards a Scandinavian accent typology; in Kehreirr W, Wiese R (eds): Phonology and Morphology of the Germanic Languages. Linguistische Arbeiten 386. Tübingen, Niemeyer, pp 77-109.Search in Google Scholar
90 Riad T (2006): Scandinavian accent typology. Sprachtyp Univ Forsch Berlin 59:36-55.10.1524/stuf.2006.59.1.36Search in Google Scholar
91 Rooth M (1985): Association with Focus; doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Search in Google Scholar
92 Schepman A, Lickley R, Ladd DR (2006): Effects of vowel length and “right context” on the alignment of Dutch nuclear accents. J Phon 34:1-28.10.1016/j.wocn.2005.01.004Search in Google Scholar
93 Scholz F (2012): Tone Sandhi, Prosodic Phrasing, and Focus Marking in Wenzhou Chinese; doctoral dissertation, Leiden University.Search in Google Scholar
94 Segerup M (2003): Word accent gestures in West Swedish; in Heldner M (ed): Proceedings from Fonetik 2003, Phonum 9. Umeå, University of Umeå, pp 25-28.Search in Google Scholar
95 Segerup M (2004): Gothenburg Swedish word accents: a fine distinction; in Branderud P, Traunmüller H (eds): Proceedings from Fonetik 2004 Stockholm, University of Stockholm, pp 28-31.Search in Google Scholar
96 Selkirk E (2008): Contrastive focus, givenness and the unmarked status of “discourse-new”. Acta Linguist Hung 55:331-346.10.1556/ALing.55.2008.3-4.8Search in Google Scholar
97 Senn A (1966): Handbuch der litauischen Sprache. Heidelberg, Carl-Winter-Universitätsverlag.Search in Google Scholar
98 Shue Y-L, Shattuck-Hufnagel S, Iseli M, Jun S, Veilleux N, Alwan A (2008): Effects of intonational phrase boundaries on pitch-accented syllables in American English. Proceedings Interspeech, Brisbane, pp 873-876.Search in Google Scholar
99 Silverman K, Pierrehumbert J (1990): The timing of prenuclear high accents in English; in Kingston J, Beckman M (eds): Papers in Laboratory Phonology I: Between the Grammar and Physics of Speech. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp 72-106.10.1017/CBO9780511627736.005Search in Google Scholar
100 Sluijter AMC, van Heuven VJ (1996): Acoustic correlates of linguistic stress and accent in Dutch and American English. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP), Philadelphia.10.21437/ICSLP.1996-159Search in Google Scholar
101 Smiljanić R (2003): Lexical and pragmatic effects on pitch range and low tone alignment in two dialects of Serbian and Croatian. Proceedings of the 39th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Chicago, pp 520-539.Search in Google Scholar
102 Smiljanić R (2006): Early vs late focus: pitch-peak alignment in two dialects of Serbian and Croatian; in Goldstein L, Whalen DH, Best C (eds): Papers in Laboratory Phonology 8. Berlin, Mouton, pp 495-518.Search in Google Scholar
103 Storm J (1884): Norvegia. Tidsskrift for det norske folks maal og minder. Kristiania, Grøndahl and Søn.Search in Google Scholar
104 Teig AH (2001): Can phonetically high pitch represent phonologically low tone? Evidence from East Norwegian raised background domains; in Van Dommelen WA, Fretheim T (eds): Nordic Prosody: Proceedings of the VIIIth Conference, Trondheim, August 19-21, 2000. Frankfurt, Lang, pp 213-225.Search in Google Scholar
105 Van Dommelen WA (2002): Toneme realization in two North Norwegian dialects. Proc Fon 44:21-24.Search in Google Scholar
106 Van Dommelen WA, Nilsen RA (2003): Toneme realization in two East Norwegian dialects. Proc Fon PHONUM 9:21-24.Search in Google Scholar
107 Vanvik A (1957): Norske tonelag. Maal og Minne, pp 92-102.Search in Google Scholar
108 Wetterlin A (2010): Tonal Accents in Norwegian: Phonology, Morphology and Lexical Specification. Berlin, de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110234381Search in Google Scholar
109 Xu Y (1999): Effects of tone and focus on the formation and alignment of f0 contours. J Phon 27:55-105.10.1006/jpho.1999.0086Search in Google Scholar
110 Xu Y, Xu CX (2005): Phonetic realization of focus in English declarative intonation. J Phon 33:159-197.10.1016/j.wocn.2004.11.001Search in Google Scholar
111 Xu Y (2013): ProsodyPro - a tool for large-scale systematic prosody analysis. Proceedings of Tools and Resources for the Analysis of Speech Prosody (TRASP 2013), Aix-en-Provence, pp 7-10.Search in Google Scholar
112 Yip M (2002): Tone. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
113 Zhang L, Zu Y-Q, Yan R-Q (2006): Focus, lexical stress and boundary tone: interaction of 3 prosodic features. Chinese Spoken Language Processing: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium (ISCSLP 2006), Singapore.10.1007/11939993_11Search in Google Scholar
© 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel
