Abstract
The dynamic neural network based adaptive direct nonlinear model predictive control is designed to control an industrial microwave heating pickling cold-rolled titanium process. The identifier of the direct adaptive nonlinear model identification and the controller of the adaptive nonlinear model predictive control are designed based on series-parallel dynamic neural network training by RLS algorithm with variable incremental factor, gain, and forgetting factor. These identifier and controller are used to constitute intelligent controller for adjusting the temperature of microwave heating acid. The correctness of the controller structure, the convergence, and feasibility of the control algorithms is tested by system simulation. For a given point tracking, model mismatch simulation results show that the controller can be implemented on the system to track and overcome the mismatch system model. The control model can be achieved to track on pickling solution concentration and temperature of a given reference and overcome the disturbance.
1. Introduction
Pickling plates and strips are normally done in a continuous way, just by drawing the plates and strips from rolls through a cascade of picking tanks [1, 2]. The idea behind pickling technologies was to enforce turbulences in the acid bath to reduce the pickling time to save chemical losses and to achieve the desired surface finish of metal products [3]. Pickling technologies for metal products are basically similar; only the pickling media are different. A number of investigations on pickling media have been reported [4–7], and considerable interest has been focused on environmentally friendly operations together with quality and cost. Pickling metal products are a hydrometallurgical processing consisting of mechanical descaling, electrochemical, and/or chemical operations [7]. The rate of pickling is affected by several variables, including the base metal product constituents, the type of adherence of oxides, time in the liquid bath, acid concentration, pickling bath temperature, and turbulence intensity [2, 8]. Pickling rate increases with temperature and acid concentration [6]. The control of acid concentration has been studied by several investigators [9–12]. Kittisupakorn et al. [10] developed a neural network model predictive control to manipulate the hydrochloric acid concentration. The results show better performance over the conventional PI in the control of the nonlinear dynamic and multieffects baths. Daosud et al. [11] used neural network inverse model-based controller for the control acid concentration to be maintained at the optimum value. They reported the robustness of the proposed controller showing superiority when controlling such chemical manufacturing processes that have the distributed, highly nonlinear dynamic behavior, unmodeled dynamics, and dead time on inputs and measurements. Sohlberg [12] offered hybrid grey box model to control the complex pickling process. Literature, however, shows little investigation on the pickling bath temperature.
For decades, studies of pickling line have been mostly focused on the equipment design, material compositions, and process parameters design. It can be argued that the heat exchange will continue to play an important role in the foreseeable future in environmental management; especially today the concept of Sustainable Development recognizes that economic growth and environmental protection are inextricably linked [13]. The heating methods of the acid pickling solutions are classified into two types: direct steam mixed with the acid and indirect heating acid solution by using graphite heat exchanger [14]. There then followed several decades with no major advances until the use of the microwave irradiation of the acid liquid which is the transfer of electromagnetic energy to thermal energy and is energy conversion process, rather than heat transfer process of conventional heating. Microwave heating is unique and offers a number of advantages over conventional heating [15], and pilot plant investigation has indicated some advantages [16].
Although microwave heating has aforementioned advantages, to our knowledge, literature shows little on microwave irradiation acid pickling solution for pickling metal plates and strips. However, a recent pickling process using industrial microwave heating devices (IMHD) was developed for heating mixed acid (nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid) solution for pickling titanium plates and strips. Microwave powers generated by many magnetrons feed into the IMHD simultaneously; because distance between these input ports is very close to each other, electromagnetic mutual coupling phenomenon must take place between these input ports. Beyond that, it is well know that the temperature elevation inside a medium leads to changes in its physical properties and especially modifies the complex permittivity of the medium, As a result, the dissipated power, which depends on this quantity, becomes temperature-dependent. Depending on the microwave power, bistable steady-state temperatures may be expected. When changing the power, a switch from stable branch to another one may arise. The sudden increase of temperature controlled microwave heating, known as thermal runaway, has been studied since the phenomenon of runway could seriously damage the microwave heated object [17]. Microwave heating process is coupled with highly grossly nonlinear character and this depth of complexity is revealed in applications through the appearance of unusual and often unexpected physical behavior such as “hot sports” and “waiting time” phenomena [18, 19].
To solve the microwave heating acid solution for pickling the metal products, which, as described above in literature [10–12, 17], is a grossly nonlinear process of unmodeled dynamic, multivariable in nature interactions between baths, distributed processes, and uncertain and time-varying parameters which cause this process to be difficult to control by conventional controllers, it is necessary to model accurately nonlinear dynamical systems and to control efficiently strategy. However, obtaining accurate model for the steel pickling process and predicting its interacting and nonlinear behavior are actually highly difficult.
A recent approach to model and control nonlinear dynamical system is the use of neural networks (NN). The applications of NN for model identification and the adaptive control dynamic systems have been studied extensively [10, 20–22]. Recently, model predictive control (MPC) has been studied mostly as advanced control strategy which can handle most of the common process characteristics and industrial requirements in a satisfactory way. NN model-based process identification for use in MPC application has been reported [10, 23, 24]. The MPC methods reported in these papers all use the linearized form of the identified nonlinear NN model.
The objective of this investigation is first to construct on-line (dynamical) NN (DNN) identification model trained by the variable gain, variable forgetting factor, and resetting [25, 26] improved recursive least squares algorithm (RLSA) at each sampling instant and then to develop an adaptive direct nonlinear MPC (ADNMPC) algorithm based on Levenberg-Marquardt with adaptive updating parameters [27], finally to compare the above DNN-ADNMPC with NN-based GPC algorithm using instantaneous linearization by solving a set of recursive Diophantine equations [28, 29]. The main difference between the DNN-ADNMPC and the GPC is that the former uses a nonlinear NN model to identify and control microwave heating pickling process directly whereas the latter utilizes a linearized form of a nonlinear NN model to identify and control microwave heating pickling process.
2. Description of a Cold-Rolled Titanium Pickling Process
The cold-rolled titanium plates and strips (Ti strips) pickling process consists of three major steps: prerinsing, pickling, and rinsing steps shown in Figure 1. The first step, namely, prerinsing bath containing 85°C by mixed acid of nitric acid (under 4% weight of HNO3) and hydrofluoric acid (under 0.8% weight of HF), aims to remove the contaminants out of metal, also to preheat the metal and enhance the temperature of the metal before entering the first pickling bath (three pickling baths in all), and moreover to remove acid solution from the metal surface to avoid the pollution when being in the situation of metal move countercurrent to the acid solution. The purpose of the pickling step is to remove surface oxides (scales, namely, TiO2, TiO, Ti2O3, and TiO3) on the Ti strips by an immersion of the metals into an aqueous acid solution. Ti strips are immersed in three pickling baths, containing 65°C, 60°C, and 50°C of mixed acid solution of nitric acid, respectively, in order to remove the scales from the metals. The metals move countercurrently to the mixed acid stream. The reaction occurring in the pickling baths is as follows:
Drag in-out of the mixed pickling solution of the three pickling baths is removed from the Ti strips surface using rinsing water during the rinsing step, which consists of four 75°C desalted water baths. As shown in Figure 1, each rinsing stage of four baths connected in series has a separate circulatory system, respectively. The “new” water was pumped into #4 bath and then there is progressive overflow into #1 bath, which is opposite to the Ti strips move. In the above process rinsing bath, the “old” water was entered into the regenerated mixed acid tank. The main objective is to control temperature of each bath to a desired set point as illustrated in Figure 1, during the continuous acid pickling Ti strips by microwave heating the mixed acid (HNO3 and HF) solution. Mixed acid temperatures of prerinsing, the first pickling, the second pickling, the third pickling, and the rinsing baths are set at 85°C, 65°C, 60°C, 50°C, and 75°C, respectively, by manipulating the electrical energy of the industrial microwave heating devices (IMHD).
Microwave generator (magnetron) is embedded in the IMHD to generate the necessary electric field strength () for heating the mixed acid solution. The optimal is adjusted by the external electronic energy supplied magnetron, where their function is shown in (2); namely, the output power of microwave cavity heater of multiopen feed is shown as follows:where is the number of the magnetrons, is the efficiency, is the microwave power of high frequency, and is the input energy. Heat is then transported in the radial direction towards the centre of cavity of the IMHD and the mixed acid is heated. The internal architecture of the IMHD is shown in Figure 2.
(a) Prototype of IMHD
(b) Schematic of IMHD
A dynamic model of the continuous titanium pickling process, as shown in Figure 1, for the change in volume and temperature will be developed for all of the prerinsing, pickling, and rinsing steps based on the following assumptions:(1)There is perfect mixing; thus, the exit temperature is also the temperature of the bath contents. And the heat of mixing is negligible compared to the heat of reaction.(2)The density and heat capacity of the liquid are assumed to be constant. Thus, their temperature dependence is neglected.(3)The concentration of pickling bath is assumed to be constant.(4)The deterioration of bathing efficiency resulting from Titanium concentration is considered negligible.(5)Heat losses to the ambient are negligible.
2.1. Prerinsing Step (the Temperature of 85°C and under Weight of 4% HNO3 and HF Bath)
Consider
2.2. Pickling Step (the Temperature of 65°C, 60°C, and 50°C HNO3 and HF Baths)
Consider
2.3. Rinsing Step (the Temperature of 75°C in Four Desalted Water Baths)
Consider
The rate of reaction (see (1)) is assumed to be first order with respect to the mixed acid of HNO3 and HF, and considering the rate of reaction titanium unit volume as the function of reaction temperature is given by the Arrhenius relation as follows:where is the frequency factor, is the activation energy, and is the molar gas constant.
In addition to the reaction , the energy, , transferred by the Microwave heat, needs to be imposed in order to complete the model of this continuous process. As pointed out in aforementioned section, microwave heating is the transfer of electromagnetic energy to thermal energy and is energy conversion, rather than heat transfer in conventional thermal processing. It is based on the power absorbed per unit volume that can be obtained fromwhere is the relative effective dielectric factor, is the permittivity of free space, is the microwave frequency, is the total effective conductivity, is the relative dielectric constant, and is the energy loss required to store a given quantity of energy. As can be seen from this equation, the dielectric properties (, , and ) assume a significant role in the extent of power absorbed by a material. The majority of the absorbed microwave power is converted to heat within the material, as shown in
The dielectric properties (, , and ) also are important parameters in determining the depth to which the microwaves will penetrate into the material. As can be seen by (9), the higher the values of and , the smaller the depth of penetration for a specific wavelength:where is the depth of penetration at which the incident power is reduced by one half and is the incident wavelength. The depth of penetration is important since it will determine the uniformity of heating, curing, and so forth, throughout the material. High frequencies and large values of dielectric properties will result in surface heating, whereas low frequencies and small values of dielectric properties will result in more volumetric heating.
The process of pickling cold-rolled titanium plates and strips of acid baths by microwave irradiation is carefully depicted in this section. The variable gain, variable forgetting factor, and resetting RLS algorithm based DNN are used to predict the temperature of acid solution in prerinsing bath (), in three pickling baths (, , and ), and in rinsing bath (), and ADNMPC strategy is utilized to adjust these temperatures to the desired set point by adjusting input electrical power of magnetrons () as shown Figure 1 and (2). In the next section, the DNN and its training and validation are first introduced. Next, the DNN identification model is used to illustrate the ADNMPC strategy.
3. DNN Model Identification and ADNMPC Control Strategy
The proposed structure of DNN-based model identification and ADNMPC control strategies is shown in Figure 3.
In Figure 3, , , , , , , , , and are the number of samples, desired reference signal, prediction error, control input, process output, prediction output of the step delay, step ahead prediction output, disturbance, and step delay operator, respectively. NN model and nonlinear optimizer block represent the neural predictive models used to predict temperatures and the optimal manner used to obtain control input in a specified prediction horizon.
3.1. Neural Network Modeling and Training
We propose an adaptive, namely, variable gain, variable forgetting factor, and resetting, recursive least squares (ARLS) algorithm for on-line NN training for nonlinear model identification using a series-parallel identification structure that is employed to approximate a nonlinear autoregressive moving average (NARMA) model structure through a minimization procedure. A class of nonlinear discrete-time multivariable plants can be described by the following NARMA model:where is a nonlinear function of its arguments and is the known time-delay of the system.
Given the input-output data pair with known values of and , it can be expressed in a more compact form of the output of system (10) as follows:where is the input/output data of the system taken over period of time and where is the number of the data pairs and the sampling interval; is the regression state vector, is white noise vector, and is unknown vector.
The model identification problem is to construct a predictor that will produce an estimate of (11) provided that and are known; that is, . At time , once the is obtained, the estimate of the output is given by . So, it is obvious that the output estimates now depend on . Meanwhile, the purpose of the adaptive parameter identification algorithm is to estimate the true but unknown parameters from the input-output data pairs; it is generally to adjust and update recursively to obtain an optimal parameter satisfying an error function that measures the difference between the output of the NN and the output of the true system for given input data or input-output data pairs. Modeling based on NN, obviously, is to update recursively to obtain an optimal parameter by minimization of the following error estimates in the following form:where is the general form of the predictor and defining for simplicity.
In general, there is no information other than that the bound on the unknown noise is available; then, any estimate satisfying is compatible with the at time and the noise bound . In application, to overcome this difficulty, that is, a noise bound must be available, we let be design variables called the tolerance levels and is the number of error levels. If , a small gain is called for; if , a large one is called for.
NN can approximate any nonlinear function to an arbitrary high degree of accuracy [30]. On the basis of its approximation capabilities, the NN technique is proposed for solving (12) and at the same time the convergence and stability of the network training in the presence of nonlinearities and uncertainties are guaranteed due to the continuously differentiable nature of the hidden layer activation function of the multilayer perceptron NN (MLPNN).
In system model identification the process to be modeled is in parallel with the NN model that will identify a model of the system (shown in Figure 3). The inputs to the NN are the past -input and -output samples contained in obtained from which denotes Tapped Delay Line memory used to store temporal NN input data. The NN considered in Figure 3 has a dynamic recurrent architecture and so it is called “Dynamic NN” because it incorporates temporary memory elements and feedback from the output of the system rather than the output of the NN model. It is the DNN guided on teacher forcing method that its output is forced to follow the system outputs on line in real-time.
The internal architecture of the proposed DNN model is a MLPNN with one hidden and one output layer as shown in Figure 4. Decomposing in (12) into the input and output parts as and , respectively, the output of the DNN can be expressed in terms of the network parameters of Figure 4 aswhere is the number of hidden nodes; and equal and in (10), respectively; and are the hidden and output weights, respectively; and are the hidden and output biases; and are an hyperbolic tangent activation function for the hidden layer and a linear activation function for the output layer, respectively. The former is defined as follows:
To get the optimal parameter , we constitute by the network weights , , and and biases or momentum , . It has been suggested in [30] that NN can be trained off-line by an already available data set and the resulting network can be used for on-line adaptive controller design. The network training method is as follows. At time , given , , a small initial , and , , the training algorithm computes the output estimate using (13). At time , according to the output of system and (12), it is used to adjust and update until is obtained or a certain stopping criteria are satisfied, and ; thus, the a posteriori output estimate is available; , is stored in Tapped Delay Line memory.
The proposed ARLS algorithm is based on the Gauss-Newton algorithm [31] with an adaptive updating rule based on the variable gain and variable forgetting factor and resetting [25, 26] is as follows.
Step 1. (a) Set and initialize ; prepare , , and current sample , .
(b) Compute using (13).
Step 2. (a) Set .
(b) Compute the changes in given by the following formula:by using the recursive formulation of the modified RLS algorithm with an adaptive updating rule based on variable gain, variable forgetting factor, and resetting, where ; is the adaptive algorithm gain; is the adaptive algorithm forgetting factor. , , , and are selected such that the following constraints are satisfied: , , , and and , where ; ; . Typically, is the adjustable gain, ; is a small constant directly related to the minimum eigenvalue of , ; is the adjustable forgetting factor, ; is a small constant that is inversely related to the maximum eigenvalue of , .
(c) Set .
(d) Compute and .
Step 3. Check if convergence, namely, , has been achieved by using criterion of (12) based on updating by checking . If the criterion is satisfied, continue to Step 4; otherwise, go to Step 2.
Step 4. (a) Output and .
(b) Stop.
3.2. Validation of Trained NN
It has been suggested that NN can be trained off-line by an already available data set, , and the resulting network can be used for on-line adaptive controller design. After training, the trained NN are validated by use of the -step ahead validation [22, 32]. In this method, -step ahead predictions of the trained NN outputs are compared to the unscaled output training data. The following version is taken:where , ,
The mean value of the -step ahead prediction error (MVPE) between the predicted output and the actual training data set is computed by where , correspond to the unscaled output training data and the -step ahead predictive output, respectively. If the MVPE is not satisfied with prediction-error, the NN needs reconstruction; namely, update by adjusting the weights , , and and biases .
3.3. Adaptive Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Strategy
The proposed control strategy is dependent on an explicit process model and based on the receding horizon concept [33] shown in Figure 5. The GPC is a well-known class of MPC algorithms [34] based on the instantaneous linearization in an adaptive context by solving a set of recursive Diophantine equations and then applies quadratic programming to obtain the GPC control signal. The main difference between the GPC and the proposed ADNMPC is that the former uses a linearized version based on the instantaneous linearization of a nonlinear model, and in this control strategy the model identifier is itself controller, whereas the latter uses a nonlinear DNN model directly, being a nonlinear approximator and used in indirect adaptive control strategies as employed for ADNMPC design.
The deviations in system outputs, in the proposed NN-based identification and control scheme, (i) due to disturbances and/or (ii) model change due to a change in the operating conditions, as well as (iii) input changes because of the anticipated control inputs , are considered to correspond to the equivalent model changes, so that the identified NN model in (12) is obtained on the basis of these equivalent model changes and the NN-based controller proposed is implemented on the basis of .
In the control strategy the NN mode is used to predict future temperature output, , over the prediction horizon (). The predicted outputs are passed to a nonlinear optimizer which produces the present and future control actions, over the control horizon () under condition of cost function satisfactorily.
A summary of adaptive nonlinear predictive control strategy, which is implemented in MATLAB and used to control the Ti strips pickling process simulation, is as follows: (i) At the current sampling time , sample the process outputs of bath temperature, , , and identify the NN model of pickling process. (ii) Use the identified NN model (in Sections 3.1 and 3.2) to predict process output , corresponding to sampling time . (iii) Compute a sequence of manipulated variables , , using a set of to approach the desired set point in an nonlinear optimizer over a specified prediction horizon . But the control input is to assumed to remain constant; thereafter, . (iv) Apply nonlinear optimizer to obtain with by minimizing the cost function of the below form where , and are weighting parameter penalizing change on output temperature , manipulated input , maximum control horizon, minimum prediction horizon, maximum horizon, and the change in the manipulated input and is the smoothing reference trajectory, defined here as where and are actual output temperature and smoothing factor, respectively. (v) Computing the optimal control signals, implement the first a sequence of applied as the manipulated input signal to adjust the temperature of the pickling solution in the baths to the desired reference signal.
At each sample interval, although a sequence of future control moves (shown in (v)) is calculated by (18), only the first one is actually implemented and applied as the input signal to control the temperature of pickling solution; namely, . The other elements are not applied in a receding horizon method, since a new output is known based on new measurements at the next sampling interval . Then the whole cycle of ADNMPC strategy of output measurement, prediction, and input signal determination is repeated, one sampling interval later: a new output measurement is obtained; a new desired reference trajectory , is defined; predictions are made over the horizon , with ; a new input trajectory with is chosen; and finally the next input is applied to the acid pickling process: .
4. Simulation Results and Discussion
The manipulated variables for the control of the pickling process are the microwave energy setting which regulates the electrical energy and the flow rate of acid pickling medium to the microwave heating cavity ; namely, . The controlled outputs of acid pickling process are the temperatures of the five baths, that is, prerinsing bath , first pickling bath , second pickling bath , third pickling bath , and rinsing bath , given by . The DNN-ADNMPC strategy is applied to control to the normal values of 85°C, 65°C, 60°C, 50°C, and 75°C by adjusting , respectively.
4.1. Identification of the NN Model of the Pickling Process
To develop a NN model to accurately model the acid pickling Ti strips process, the heat supplied from IMHD (22 kW) is varied by ±10% (lower and upper values of IMHD are 19 kW and 24 kW, resp.) in order to cover the entire operating range of the pilot plant, during both initial heat-up and acid pickling and to account for the possible uncertainties in the process model outside the operating region. Using these values of IMHD, an open-loop simulation of the acid pickling process based on its validated model of differential equations (2)–(6) obtained from first principles was performed with a sampling interval of 1 min to obtain input-output data pairs for the NN training, while these validation pairs were obtained from the actual acid pickling process.
The training data is scaled in order to prevent signals of largest magnitudes from dominating the identified model. Raw process data generated are scaled down to between 0.05 and 0.95 to avoid obtaining zero outputs and an infinite gain network. The network was trained for 80 epochs with the selected parameters: , , and , and adaptive updating parameters of the exponential forgetting and resetting algorithms: , , , and .
After training, the weights of NN were rescaled so that the trained optimum structures can work with the unscaled data collected directly from the acid pickling process. The convergence of trained NN for the acid pickling process is shown in Figure 6. The fast convergence of the NN indicates that it is suitable for on-line dynamic nonlinear model identification. Next the trained NN was validated by using the 3-step ahead output predictions (explained in Section 3.2). The results shown in Figure 7 with red dotted lines for were compared with the unscaled training data shown by the blue solid line. It can be seen that the predicted output follow very well the unscaled training data. Meanwhile, the MVPE calculated by (17) gives 0.640058% for (shown in Figure 8). The values of small MVPE reveal that the identified NN model approximates the dynamics of the acid pickling process to a high degree of accuracy.
4.2. Control of the Pickling Process
The main control objective is to ensure that there is no overshoot in temperatures of the whole process of acid pickling Ti strips moving through prerinsing bath (85°C), first pickling bath (65°C), second pickling bath (60°C), third pickling bath (55°C), and rinsing bath (75°C) sequentially, as a relatively small overshoot being outside of ±2% might result in unacceptable surface topography and surface roughness [35].
According to previous research work, [10, 11] the simulations are divided into cases of control studies, (i) the set point tracking, (ii) disturbance case, (iii) model mismatch, and (iv) noise case. However, the present paper is focusing on (i) and (iii) because a change in the operating conditions (including input changes due to the anticipated control inputs, (ii) and (iv)) is considered to correspond to equivalent model changes.
The initially trained NN in Section 4.1 is used to tune the controller in an open-loop simulation. Next, the DNNADNMPC control strategies are programmed to run in closed-loop with the first principles ((2)–(6)) model in the MATLAB environment, and set the parameters of DNNADNMPC control strategies in the Table 1 (Normal row). For the set point tracking case, their control performance for the temperature output predictions is shown in Figure 9(a), while the manipulated input, namely, , is shown in Figure 9(b). In this simulation, we allow the constraints on the maximum predicted temperature outputs to be 100°C. As can be seen in Figure 9, the DNNADNMPC shows better control preference over the GPC. The GPC exhibits a small overshoot occasionally before tracking the desired reference signals, while in certain instances it cannot track the desired reference, as shown in Figure 9(a). Relatively, similar results are obtained in the prerinsing bath (85°C), first pickling bath (65°C), second pickling bath (60°C), third pickling bath (55°C), and rinsing bath (75°C) and are not shown here.
(a)
(b)
For the model mismatch case, the rate of reaction in the pickling bath is considered as the model mismatch in parameter. The simulation of model mismatch is introduced by (i) (model-order change) changing the kinetic rate constant from its value by the first pickling bath (65°C) and (ii) time-lag change. Figure 10 shows the results of the DNNADNMPC and GPC control in this case. The figures illustrate that the DNNADNMPC strategy brought the temperatures to the set points by gradual increase of the magnetron voltage which give smooth manipulated response. The GPC control in turn brought the temperature to the set point by rigorous adjustment of the magnetron voltage causing overshoot and even instability in the pickling process with a long response time. Relatively, similar results are obtained for the prerinsing bath (85°C), first pickling bath (65°C), second pickling bath (60°C), third pickling bath (55°C), and rinsing bath (75°C) and are not shown here. It indicates that DNNADNMPC gives less error and gives better control performances than the GPC controllers.
(a)
(b)
In addition, as can be seen in Figure 11 and Table 1, the performance of the identification and control using DNNADMPC strategy became worse with increasing of smoothing factor (Comp1 row in Table 1), and became better with of the increasing of the control horizons (Comp2 row in Table 1). From Figure 11 and Table 1, it can also be seen that the control actions were increased with decreasing the control horizon and decreased with increasing of the smoothing factor. Generally, control horizon is to meet requirement, and the extra computation time will be spent with increasing of .
(a)
(b)
4.3. Computation Time for DNN Model Identification and Control of the Pickling Process
The DNN identification scheme and GPC and ADNMPC control strategies above were implemented on an Intel Core 1 CPU running at 1400 MHz using in the MATLAB Distributed and Parallel Toolbox in the MATLAB10. This MATLAB facility allows the utilization of the two processors available on the computer for the implementation of the identification and control algorithm at each time step. The sampling time of the pickling process is 90 seconds while the average computation time identification and control loop using the GPC at each sampling instant is 8.0506 s while that for the ADNMPC is 15.1025 s. As can be seen in Figures 9 and 10, the identification and control using ADNMPC strategy outperforms the GPC at the expense of extra computational time. The computational time of the ADNMPC is approximately two times when compared to that taken by the GPC. This implies that current personal computer technologies are adequate to solve computationally intensive tasks for system with long sampling time intervals, such as the pickling process, whereas for the systems with faster dynamics and relatively short sampling time intervals, such as thermal runaway in microwave heating, advanced processing technologies must be used to match the constraints.
5. Conclusions
Through investigations of dynamical NN-based adaptive model identification and in adaptive direct nonlinear prediction control strategy on microwave heating bath solution for pickling cold-rolled titanium process, the following conclusions can be drawn:(1)The variable gain, variable forgetting factor, and resetting RLS algorithm training dynamic NN-based identification scheme can adapt to changes in time-varying nonlinear, distribution parameters process under different operating conditions.(2)The 3-step ahead prediction accuracy and 2 control horizons based control strategy of the adaptive direct nonlinear model prediction can perfectly control the temperatures of pickling baths using microwave heating which is the lack of knowledge of dielectric data in the microwave frequency range as a function of temperature.(3)The simulation results of the identification accuracy and control performance show that the DNN-ADNMPC outperforms the GPC for microwave heating for pickling cold-rolled titanium process in several cases for set point tracking, model mismatch (model-order change and time-lag change) at the expense of extra computational time.(4)In the DNN model identification and ADNMPC control, as for long sampling interval, PC can be fitted, while, as for faster dynamics and short sampling interval, the advanced computing technologies must be required.
Nomenclature
| Area of operating tank, m2 | |
| : | Specific heat capacity, J kg−1 K−1 |
| : | Concentration of mixed acid of HNO3 and HF, mol L−1 |
| : | The depth of microwave penetration, m |
| : | Electric field intensity of microwave heating, V m−1 |
| : | Activation energy, kJ mol−1 |
| : | Mass flow, kg min−1 |
| : | Heat of reaction per mole of mixed acid and titanium oxides that are reacted, kJ mol−1 |
| : | Liquid level of operating tank, m |
| : | The number of data pairs |
| : | The number of the magnetrons |
| : | Temperature, °C |
| : | The sampling interval, s |
| : | Anodic voltage of the magnetron, kV |
| : | Anodic current of the magnetron, mA |
| : | Molar gas constant, kJ mol−1 k−1 |
| : | Time, min |
| : | Estimation error |
| : | Reaction rate constant, mol L−1 min−1 |
| : | Microwave power absorption, W |
| : | Frequency of the incident wave, 2450 MHz |
| : | Amount of bath solution that stuck with cold-rolled titanium, kg min−1 |
| : | The number of samples |
| : | The frequency factor, min−1 |
| : | Volume of operating tank, m3. |
| : | Density of the liquid, kg m−3 |
| : | The electrical energy conversion to microwave efficiency, % |
| : | The th tolerance levels |
| : | Conductivity, S m−1 |
| : | Permittivity of the vacuum, of the relative, and of pickling solution, F m−1 |
| : | The incident wavelength, m |
| : | The loss tangent |
| : | Delay operator. |
| sp: | Set point |
| : | Number |
| : | At time |
| : | At time . |
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Professor Jinhui Peng who is the corresponding author. The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided under Project (no. KKSY201503006) supported by Scientific Research Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, and Project (no. 51090385) supported by the Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China.