Abstract

We deal with a regular Dirac system which has discontinuities at two points and contains eigenparameter in a boundary condition and two transmission conditions. We investigate asymptotic behaviour of eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions of this Dirac system and construct Green’s function.

1. Introduction

We consider the Dirac system where , ; ; the real valued functions and are continuous in , and and have finite limits , , , ; , ; , , ; , and .

Boundary-value problems with transmission (or discontinuity) conditions inside the interval often appear in mathematical physics, mechanics, electronics, geophysics, and other branches of natural sciences (see [1, 2]). References [3–5] are examples of works with boundary conditions depending linearly on an eigenparameter and transmission conditions at the point of discontinuity for Sturm Liouville problem.

The basic and comprehensive results about Dirac operators were given in [6]. The oscillation property and asymptotic formulas for the eigenvalues of Dirac systems were given in [7] and the derivative sampling theorem to compute eigenvalues of Dirac systems was used in [8, 9]. Continuous Dirac systems have been investigated in these works. Works in direction of Dirac systems with an internal point of discontinuity are few (see [10–13]). Sampling theories associated with discontinuous Dirac systems were investigated in [11, 12] (also the problem in [12] contains eigenparameter in a boundary condition). Direct and inverse problems for Dirac operators with discontinuity inside an interval were studied in [13]. Dirac operators with eigenparameter dependent on both boundary conditions and one of the discontinuity conditions were investigated in [10]. In these discontinuous works, Dirac systems had only one point of discontinuity.

We examine Dirac system which has two points of discontinuity and contains at the same time an eigenparameter in a boundary condition and two transmission conditions in this paper. Dirac system which has two points of discontinuity does not exist as far as we know. Our investigation will be a good example for discontinuous Dirac systems. Firstly, we give some spectral properties of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions and then obtain asymptotic formulas for eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions. Finally, we construct Green's function of the problem (1)–(7).

2. Spectral Properties

To formulate a theoretic approach to problem (1)–(7), let and and we define the Hilbert space with an inner product where denotes the matrix transpose,

For functions , which are defined on and have finite limit and , by , , and , we denote the functions which are defined on , , and , respectively.

Lemma 1. The eigenvalues of the problem (1)–(7) are real.

Proof. Assume the contrary that is a nonreal eigenvalue of problem (1)–(7). Let be a corresponding (nontrivial) eigenfunction. By (1), we have
Integrating the above equation through , , and , we obtain
Then from boundary conditions (2)-(3) and transmission conditions (4)–(7), we have, respectively,
Since , it follows from (13)–(16) and (12) that
This contradicts the conditions and . Consequently, must be real.

Lemma 2. Let and be two different eigenvalues of problem (1)–(7). Then the corresponding eigenfunctions and of this problem satisfy the following equality:

One must note that, since the eigenfunctions are real valued, the left hand side in the last expression coincides with the inner product in .

Now one will construct a special fundamental system of solutions of (1). By virtue of Theorem 1.1 in [14], one will define two solutions of (1), where as follows. Let one consider the next initial value problem:

By virtue of Theorem 1.1 in [14], this problem has a unique solution , which is an entire function of for each fixed . Similarly, employing the same method as in the proof of Theorem 1.1 in [14], one sees that the problem has a unique solution , which is an entire function of parameter for each fixed .

Now the functions and are defined in terms of and , ,  , respectively, as follows. The initial value problem has a unique solution for each , and the initial value problem has a unique solution for each .

Similarly, the functions and are defined in terms of and , , , respectively, as follows. The initial value problem has a unique solution for each , and the initial value problem has a unique solution for each .

Hence, satisfies (1) on , boundary condition (2), and transmission conditions (4)–(7) and satisfies (1) on , boundary condition (3), and transmission conditions (4)–(7).

Let denote the Wronskians of and defined by

It is obvious that the Wronskians are independent of and are entire functions. Taking into account (26), (28), (30), and (32), a short calculation gives for each .

Corollary 3. The zeros of the functions , , and coincide.

Then, one may take into consideration the characteristic function as

Lemma 4. All eigenvalues of problem (1)–(7) are just zeros of the function . Moreover, every zero of has multiplicity one.

Proof. Since the functions and satisfy the boundary condition (2) and transmission conditions (4)–(7), to find the eigenvalues of problem (1)–(7), we have to insert the functions and in the boundary condition (3) and find the roots of this equation.
By (1), we obtain, for , ,
Integrating the above equation through , , and and taking into account the initial conditions (23), (26), (28), (30), and (32), we obtain
Dividing both sides of (38) by and letting , we reach the relation
We show that equation has only simple roots. Assume the converse; that is, (40) has a double root . Then the following two equations hold:
Since and is real, then , from (41),
Combining (42) and (39), with , we obtain contradicting the assumption .