ABSTRACT
Current efforts establishing semantic metadata standards for the built environment span academia [3], industry [1] and standards bodies [2, 28]. For these standards to be effective, they must be clearly defined and easily extensible, encourage consistency in their usage, and integrate cleanly with existing industrial standards, such as BACnet. There is a natural tension between informal tag-based systems that rely upon idiom and convention for meaning, and formal ontologies amenable to automated tooling.
We present a qualitative analysis of Project Haystack [1], a popular tagging system for building metadata, and identify a family of inherent interpretability and consistency issues in the tagging model that stem from its lack of a formal definition. To address these issues, we present the design and implementation of the Brick+ ontology, a drop-in replacement for Brick [3] with clear formal semantics that enables the inference of a valid Brick model from an informal Haystack model, and demonstrate this inference across five Haystack models.
- 2018. Project Haystack. http://project-haystack.org/.Google Scholar
- American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. 2018. ASHRAE's BACnet Committee, Project Haystack and Brick Schema Collaborating to Provide Unified Data Semantic Modeling Solution. http://web.archive.org/web/20181223045430/https://www.ashrae.org/about/news/2018/ashrae-s-bacnet-committee-project-haystack-and-brick-schema-collaborating-to-provide-unified-data-semantic-modeling-solution.Google Scholar
- Bharathan Balaji, Arka Bhattacharya, Gabriel Fierro, Jingkun Gao, Joshua Gluck, Dezhi Hong, Aslak Johansen, Jason Koh, Joern Ploennigs, Yuvraj Agarwal, et al. 2016. Brick: Towards a unified metadata schema for buildings. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Embedded Systems for Energy-Efficient Built Environments (BuildSys). ACM.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bharathan Balaji, Arka Bhattacharya, Gabriel Fierro, Jingkun Gao, Joshua Gluck, Dezhi Hong, Aslak Johansen, Jason Koh, Joern Ploennigs, Yuvraj Agarwal, et al. 2018. Brick: Metadata schema for portable smart building applications. Applied energy 226 (2018), 1273--1292.Google Scholar
- Bharathan Balaji, Chetan Verma, Balakrishnan Narayanaswamy, and Yuvraj Agarwal. 2015. Zodiac: Organizing Large Deployment of Sensors to Create Reusable Applications for Buildings. ACM, 13--22.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sean Bechhofer, Frank van Harmelen, Jim Hendler, Ian Horrocks, Deborah L. McGuinness, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, and Lynn Andrea Stein. 2004. OWL Web Ontology Language Reference. Technical Report. W3C, http://www.w3.org/TR/owlref/.Google Scholar
- Arka A Bhattacharya, Dezhi Hong, David Culler, Jorge Ortiz, Kamin Whitehouse, and Eugene Wu. 2015. Automated metadata construction to support portable building applications. In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Conference on Embedded Systems for Energy-Efficient Built Environments. ACM, 3--12.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alfonso Capozzoli, Marco Savino Piscitelli, Alice Gorrino, Ilaria Ballarini, and Vincenzo Corrado. 2017. Data analytics for occupancy pattern learning to reduce the energy consumption of HVAC systems in office buildings. Sustainable Cities and Society 35 (2017), 191--208.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Patrick Coffey. 2019. Project Haystack Example Data Models. http://web.archive.org/web/20190626161742/https://patrickcoffey.bitbucket.io/.Google Scholar
- Gabe Fierro, Marco Pritoni, Moustafa AbdelBaky, Paul Raftery, Therese Peffer, Greg Thomson, and David E Culler. 2018. Mortar: an open testbed for portable building analytics. In Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Systems for Built Environments. ACM, 172--181.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jingkun Gao, Joern Ploennigs, and Mario Berges. 2015. A data-driven meta-data inference framework for building automation systems. ACM, 23--32.Google Scholar
- Birte Glimm, Ian Horrocks, Boris Motik, Giorgos Stoilos, and Zhe Wang. 2014. HermiT: an OWL 2 reasoner. Journal of Automated Reasoning 53, 3 (2014), 245--269.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ramanathan Guha and Dan Brickley. 2014. RDF Schema 1.1. http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf-schema-20140225/Google Scholar
- Dave Hardin, Eric G Stephan, Weimin Wang, Charles D Corbin, and Steven E Widergren. 2015. Buildings interoperability landscape. Technical Report. Pacific Northwest National Lab.(PNNL), Richland, WA (United States).Google Scholar
- Dezhi Hong, Hongning Wang, Jorge Ortiz, and Kamin Whitehouse. 2015. The Building Adapter: Towards Quickly Applying Building Analytics at Scale. ACM, 123--132.Google Scholar
- Marco Jahn, Tobias Schwartz, Jonathan Simon, and Marc Jentsch. 2011. EnergyPULSE: tracking sustainable behavior in office environments. In Int. Conf. on Energy-Efficient Computing and Networking. ACM, 87--96.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jason Koh, Bharathan Balaji, Dhiman Sengupta, Julian McAuley, Rajesh Gupta, and Yuvraj Agarwal. 2018. Scrabble: transferrable semi-automated semantic metadata normalization using intermediate representation. In Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Systems for Built Environments. ACM, 11--20.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ora Lassila and Ralph R Swick. 1999. Resource description framework (RDF) model and syntax specification. (1999).Google Scholar
- Adam Mathes. 2004. Folksonomies - Cooperative Classification and Communication Through Shared Metadata. (2004), 14. http://adammathes.com/academic/computer-mediated-communication/folksonomies.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Natalie Mims, Steven R Schiller, Elizabeth Stuart, Lisa Schwartz, Chris Kramer, and Richard Faesy. 2017. Evaluation of U.S. Building Energy Benchmarking and Transparency Programs: Attributes, Impacts, and Best Practices. (2017). https://doi.org/10.2172/1393621Google Scholar
- OSTI. 2016. The National Opportunity for Interoperability and its Benefits for a Reliable, Robust, and Future Grid Realized Through Buildings. Technical Report. https://doi.org/10.2172/1420233Google Scholar
- Alexandre Passant. 2007. Using ontologies to strengthen folksonomies and enrich information retrieval in weblogs. In International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.Google Scholar
- Alexandre Passant and Philippe Laublet. 2008. Meaning Of A Tag: A collaborative approach to bridge the gap between tagging and Linked Data. LDOW 369 (2008).Google Scholar
- Mary Ann Piette, Girish Ghatikar, Sila Kiliccote, Ed Koch, Dan Hennage, Peter Palensky, and Charles McParland. 2009. Open automated demand response communications specification (Version 1.0). Technical Report. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA (US).Google Scholar
- Samuel Privara, Jiří Cigler, Zdeněk Váňa, Frauke Oldewurtel, Carina Sagerschnig, and Eva Žáčeková. 2013. Building modeling as a crucial part for building predictive control. Energy and Buildings 56 (2013), 8--22.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Project Haystack. 2019. Project Haystack Documentation: Defs. http://web.archive.org/web/20190629183024/https://project-haystack.dev/doc/docHaystack/Defs.Google Scholar
- Project Haystack. 2019. Project Haystack Documentation: VFDs. http://web.archive.org/web/20190629182856/https://project-haystack.org/doc/VFDs.Google Scholar
- Mads Holten Rasmussen, Pieter Pauwels, Christian Anker Hviid, and Jan Karlshøj. 2017. Proposing a central AEC ontology that allows for domain specific extensions. In 2017 Lean and Computing in Construction Congress.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S Roth. 2014. Open Green Building XML Schema: A Building Information Modeling Solution for Our Green World, gbXML Schema (5.12). (2014).Google Scholar
- Jeffrey Schein, Steven T Bushby, Natascha S Castro, and John M House. 2006. A rule-based fault detection method for air handling units. Energy and Buildings 38, 12 (2006), 1485--1492.Google ScholarCross Ref
- David Sturzenegger, Dimitrios Gyalistras, Manfred Morari, and Roy S Smith. 2012. Semi-automated modular modeling of buildings for model predictive control. ACM, 99--106.Google Scholar
- W3C. [n.d.]. Punning. https://www.w3.org/2007/OWL/wiki/PunningGoogle Scholar
- Rudolf Wille. 1992. Concept lattices and conceptual knowledge systems. Computers & mathematics with applications 23, 6-9 (1992), 493--515.Google Scholar
- Rudolf Wille. 2009. Restructuring lattice theory: an approach based on hierarchies of concepts. In International Conference on Formal Concept Analysis. Springer, 314--339.Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Beyond a House of Sticks: Formalizing Metadata Tags with Brick
Recommendations
Shepherding Metadata Through the Building Lifecycle
BuildSys '20: Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and TransportationMany different digital representations of a building are produced over the course of its lifecycle. These representations contain the metadata required to support different stages of the building, from initial planning and design, to construction and ...
Interactive Metadata Integration with Brick
BuildSys '20: Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and TransportationMany different digital representations of a building are produced over the course of its lifecycle. While these representations individually contain metadata required to support different stages of the building's lifecycle, they are largely not ...
Design and analysis of a query processor for brick
BuildSys '17: Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Built EnvironmentsBrick is a recently proposed metadata schema and ontology for describing building components and the relationships between them. It represents buildings as directed labeled graphs using the RDF data model. Using the SPARQL query language, building-...
Comments