Abstract
A wireless sensor network that employs passive radio wake-up of the sensor nodes can reduce the energy cost for unnecessary idle listening and communication overhead, extending the network lifetime. A passive wake-up radio is powered by the electromagnetic waves transmitted by a wake-up transmitter rather than a battery on the sensor node. However, this method of powering the wake-up radio results in a short wake-up range, which limits the performance of a passive wake-up radio sensor network. In this article, we describe our design of a passive wake-up radio sensor node—REACH2-Mote—using a high-efficiency, energy-harvesting module and a very low power wake-up circuit to achieve an extended wake-up range. We implemented REACH2-Mote in hardware and performed field tests to characterize its performance. The experimental results show that REACH2-Mote can achieve a wake-up range of 44 feet. We also modeled REACH2-Mote and evaluated its performance through simulations, comparing its performance to that of another passive wake-up radio approach, an active wake-up radio approach, and a conventional duty cycling approach. The simulation results show that REACH2-Mote can significantly extend the network lifetime while achieving high packet delivery rate and low latency.
- ams AG. 2015. Ams—Designer and Manufacturer of Sensors, Sensor Interfaces, Power Management, and Wireless ICs. Retrieved October, 25, 2015, from https://www.ams.com/eng.Google Scholar
- Giuseppe Anastasi, Marco Conti, and Mario Di Francesco. 2008. Data collection in sensor networks with data mules: An integrated simulation analysis. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC’08). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1096--1102.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Junaid Ansari, Dmitry Pankin, and Petri Mähönen. 2009. Radio-triggered wake-ups with addressing capabilities for extremely low power sensor network applications. International Journal of Wireless Information Networks 16, 3, 118--130.Google ScholarCross Ref
- He Ba, Ilker Demirkol, and Wendi Heinzelman. 2010. Feasibility and benefits of passive RFID wake-up radios for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM’10). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1--5.Google ScholarCross Ref
- He Ba, Ilker Demirkol, and Wendi Heinzelman. 2013. Passive wake-up radios: From devices to applications. Ad Hoc Networks 11, 8, 2605--2621. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Stefano Basagni, M. Yousof Naderi, Chiara Petrioli, and Dora Spenza. 2013. Wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting. In Mobile Ad Hoc Networking: The Cutting Edge Directions, S. Basagni, M. Conti, S. Giordano, and I. Stofmenovic (Eds.). Wiley, 701--736.Google Scholar
- Michael Buettner, Gary V. Yee, Eric Anderson, and Richard Han. 2006. X-MAC: A short preamble MAC protocol for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 307--320. Google ScholarDigital Library
- CC2420. 2012. CC2420—Proprietary 2.4 GHz—Wireless Connectivity—Description & Parametrics. Retrieved October, 25, 2015, from http://www.ti.com/product/cc2420.Google Scholar
- Li Chen, Stephen Cool, He Ba, Wendi Heinzelman, Ilker Demirkol, Ufuk Muncuk, Kaushik Chowdhury, and Stefano Basagni. 2013. Range extension of passive wake-up radio systems through energy harvesting. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’13). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1549--1554.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Amre El-Hoiydi, J.-D. Decotignie, Christian Enz, and Erwan Le Roux. 2003. WiseMAC, an ultra low power MAC protocol for the wiseNET wireless sensor network. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 302--303. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lin Gu and John A. Stankovic. 2005. Radio-triggered wake-up for wireless sensor networks. Real-Time Systems 29, 2--3, 157--182. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jeremy Gummeson, Shane S. Clark, Kevin Fu, and Deepak Ganesan. 2010. On the limits of effective hybrid micro-energy harvesting on mobile CRFID sensors. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services. ACM, New York, NY, 195--208. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Impinj. 2002. Home—Impinj. Retrieved October, 25, 2015, from http://www.impinj.com/.Google Scholar
- Philippe Le-Huy and Sébastien Roy. 2010. Low-power wake-up radio for wireless sensor networks. Mobile Networks and Applications 15, 2, 226--236. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Vincent Liu, Aaron Parks, Vamsi Talla, Shyamnath Gollakota, David Wetherall, and Joshua R. Smith. 2013. Ambient backscatter: Wireless communication out of thin air. In ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 43, 4, 39--50. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Stevan J. Marinkovic and Emanuel M. Popovici. 2011. Nano-power wireless wake-up receiver with serial peripheral interface. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 29, 8, 1641--1647.Google ScholarCross Ref
- moteiv. 2006. Tmote Sky Low Power Wireless Sensor Module. Retrieved October, 25, 2015, from http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/∼konrad/projects/shimmer/references/tmote-sky-datasheet.pdf.Google Scholar
- MSP430. 2012. MSP430F1611—MSP430F1x—Ultra-Low Power—Description & Parametrics. Retrieved October, 25, 2015, from http://www.ti.com/product/msp430f1611.Google Scholar
- Philippe Nain, Don Towsley, Benyuan Liu, and Zhen Liu. 2005. Properties of random direction models. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM’05), Vol. 3. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1897--1907.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Prusayon Nintanavongsa, Ufuk Muncuk, David Richard Lewis, and Kaushik Roy Chowdhury. 2012. Design optimization and implementation for RF energy harvesting circuits. IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems 2, 1, 24--33.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Chulsung Park and Pai H. Chou. 2006. Ambimax: Autonomous energy harvesting platform for multi-supply wireless sensor nodes. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual IEEE Communications Society on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON’06), Vol. 1. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 168--177.Google Scholar
- Aaron N. Parks, Angli Liu, Shyamnath Gollakota, and Joshua R. Smith. 2014. Turbocharging ambient backscatter communication. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM Conference on SIGCOMM (SIGCOMM’14). ACM, New York, NY, 619--630. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chiara Petrioli, Dora Spenza, Pasquale Tommasino, and Alessandro Trifiletti. 2014. A novel wake-up receiver with addressing capability for wireless sensor nodes. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS’14). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 18--25. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nathan M. Pletcher, Simone Gambini, and Jan Rabaey. 2009. A 52 W wake-up receiver with 72 dBm sensitivity using an uncertain-IF architecture. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 44, 1, 269--280.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Joseph Polastre, Jason Hill, and David Culler. 2004. Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 95--107. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Powercast. 2009. Wireless Power Solutions—Powercast Corp. Retrieved October, 25, 2015, from http://www. powercastco.com/.Google Scholar
- Alanson P. Sample, Daniel J. Yeager, Pauline S. Powledge, Alexander V. Mamishev, and Joshua R. Smith. 2008. Design of an RFID-based battery-free programmable sensing platform. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 57, 11, 2608--2615.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Dora Spenza, Michele Magno, Stefano Basagni, Luca Benini, Mario Paoli, and Chiara Petrioli. 2015. Beyond Duty Cycling: Wake-Up Radio with Selective Awakenings for Long-Lived Wireless Sensing Systems. Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://wwwusers.di.uniroma1.it/∼spenza/pubs/WRxINFOCOM15.pdf.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Emmanuel Munguia Tapia, Stephen S. Intille, and Kent Larson. 2007. Portable wireless sensors for object usage sensing in the home: Challenges and practicalities. In Ambient Intelligence. Springer, 19--37. Google ScholarDigital Library
- TPS2042B. 2012. TPS2042B—Fixed Current Limited Switch—USB Power and Charging Port Controllers—Description & Parametrics. Retrieved October, 25, 2015, from http://www.ti.com/product/tps2042b.Google Scholar
- Tijs Van Dam and Koen Langendoen. 2003. An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 171--180. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bas Van der Doorn, Winelis Kavelaars, and Koen Langendoen. 2009. A prototype low-cost wakeup radio for the 868 MHz band. International Journal of Sensor Networks 5, 1, 22--32. Google ScholarDigital Library
- wisp.wikispaces.com. 2010. WISP Challenge. Retrieved October, 25, 2015, from http://wisp.wikispaces.com/WISP+Challenge.Google Scholar
- Han Yan, Jose G. Macias Montero, Atef Akhnoukh, Leo C. N. De Vreede, and Joachim Burghartz. 2005. An integration scheme for RF power harvesting. In Proceedings of the STW Annual Workshop on Semiconductor Advances for Future Electronics and Sensors. 64--66.Google Scholar
- Wei Ye, John Heidemann, and Deborah Estrin. 2002. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, Vol. 3. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1567--1576.Google Scholar
- Pengyu Zhang and Deepak Ganesan. 2014. Enabling bit-by-bit backscatter communication in severe energy harvesting environments. In Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI’14). 345--357. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- REACH2-Mote: A Range-Extending Passive Wake-Up Wireless Sensor Node
Recommendations
Channel propagation measurement and simulation of MICAz mote
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is an important field of study as more and more applications are enhancing daily life. The technology trend is to achieve small-sized, cheap, and power efficient sensor nodes, which will make the system reliable and ...
Range extension cooperative MAC to attack energy hole in duty-cycled multi-hop WSNs
Effective techniques for extending lifetime in multi-hop wireless sensor networks include duty cycling and, more recently introduced, cooperative transmission (CT) range extension. However, a scalable MAC protocol has not been presented that combines ...
Research on Node Sleep/Wake-Up Mechanism in WSN Based on Fuzzy Energy Control
ICINIS '09: Proceedings of the 2009 Second International Conference on Intelligent Networks and Intelligent SystemsAdjusting the operation mode of the nodes in wireless sensor networks can extend the networks lifetime effectively. The distributed protocol PEAS reduces the network’s consumption by a method which maintains only a necessary number of nodes working and ...
Comments