Blase Ur
Yang Wang
ABSTRACT
Social media has become truly global in recent years. We argue that support for users' privacy, however, has not been extended equally to all users from around the world. In this paper, we survey existing literature on cross-cultural privacy issues, giving particular weight to work specific to online social networking sites. We then propose a framework for evaluating the extent to which social networking sites' privacy options are offered and communicated in a manner that supports diverse users from around the world. One aspect of our framework focuses on cultural issues, such as norms regarding the use of pseudonyms or posting of photographs. A second aspect of our framework discusses legal issues in cross-cultural privacy, including data-protection requirements and questions of jurisdiction. The final part of our framework delves into user expectations regarding the data-sharing practices and the communication of privacy information. The framework can enable service providers to identify potential gaps in support for user privacy. It can also help researchers, regulators, or consumer advocates reason systematically about cultural differences related to privacy in social media.
- A. A. Adams, K. Murata, and Y. Orito. The Japanese sense of information privacy. AI Soc., 24(4):327--341, Oct. 2009. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- M. Al-Hamar, R. Dawson, and L. Guan. A culture of trust threatens security and privacy in Qatar. In Proc. CIT, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. S. Al Omoush, S. G. Yaseen, and M. Atwah Alma'Aitah. The impact of Arab cultural values on online social networking: The case of Facebook. CHB, 28(6), Nov. 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. I. Antón, J. B. Earp, and J. D. Young. How Internet users' privacy concerns have evolved since 2002. IEEE Security and Privacy, 8(1):21--27, Jan. 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Bellman, E. J. Johnson, S. J. Kobrin, and G. Lohse. International differences in information privacy concerns: A global survey of consumers. IS, 20(5):313--324, 2004.Google Scholar
- Bitly Science Team. Breakdown of traffic from social networks by country. www.bit.ly/XqP68l, 2013.Google Scholar
- J. Bonneau and R. Xu. Of contraseñas, sysmawt, and mìma: Character encoding issues for web passwords. W2SP, 2012.Google Scholar
- d. boyd. Friendster and publicly articulated social networks. In Proc. CHI, 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- d. boyd. The politics of "real names". CACM, 55(8), 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. A. Bygrave. Privacy and data protection in an international perspective. www.scandinavianlaw.se, 2010.Google Scholar
- P. W. Cardon, B. Marshall, J. Choi, M. M. El-Shinnaway, M. North, L. Svensson, S. Wang, D. T. Noris, L. Cui, N. Goreva, V. Raungpaka, A. Usluata, C. Whelan, J. Cho, C. Collier, S. Nillson, G. Ravid, and J. P. Valenzuala. Online and offline social ties of social network website users: An exploratory study in eleven societies. JCIS, 50(1), 2009.Google Scholar
- M. M. Caruana and J. A. Cannataci. European Union privacy and data protection principles: Compatibility with culture and legal frameworks in Islamic states. ICTL, 16(2):99--124, June 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. N. Chapman and M. Lahav. International ethnographic observation of social networking sites. In CHI EA, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G.-M. Chen. Differences in self-disclosure patterns among Americans versus Chinese. JCCP, 26(1):84--91, 1995.Google Scholar
- H.-G. Chen, C. C. Chen, L. Lo, and S. C. Yang. Online privacy control via anonymity and pseudonym: Cross-cultural implications. BIT, 27(3):229--242, May 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Cho, M. Rivera-Sánchez, and S. S. Lim. A multinational study on online privacy: Global concerns and local responses. NMS, 11(3):395--416, May 2009.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. Constine. Facebook will fight German anonymity law and $26k fine against Zuckerberg to keep real name policy. Techcrunch, January 2013.Google Scholar
- T. Correa and S. H. Jeong. Race and online content creation: Why minorities are actively participating in the Web. ICS, 14(5), 2011.Google ScholarCross Ref
- R. Cullen. Citizens' concerns about the privacy of personal information held by government: A comparative study, Japan and New Zealand. In Proc. HICSS, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Ess. Ethical pluralism and global information ethics. EIT, 8(4):215--226, Nov. 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- B. Friedman, K. Hook, B. Gill, L. Eidmar, C. S. Prien, and R. Severson. Personlig integritet: A comparative study of perceptions of privacy in public places in Sweden and the United States. In Proc. NordiCHI, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- E. Hargittai. Whose space? Differences among users and non-users of social network sites. JCMC, 13(1):14, 2007.Google ScholarDigital Library
- E. Hargittai and E. Litt. The tweet smell of celebrity success: Explaining variation in Twitter adoption among a diverse group of young adults. NMS, 13(5):824--842, 2011.Google ScholarCross Ref
- K. Hill. How Facebook secretly aids government searches. Forbes, July 2011.Google Scholar
- G. Hofstede. Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. SAGE, 1980.Google Scholar
- G. Hofstede. Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations. SAGE, 2001.Google Scholar
- P. Ifinedo. IT security and privacy issues in global financial services institutions: Do socio-economic and cultural factors matter? In Proc. PST, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Imre. National intimacy and post-socialist networking. EJCS, 12(2):219--233, May 2009.Google Scholar
- I. Ion, N. Sachdeva, P. Kumaraguru, and S. Capkun. Home is safer than the cloud!: Privacy concerns for consumer cloud storage. In Proc. SOUPS, 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. Irani, J. Vertesi, P. Dourish, K. Philip, and R. E. Grinter. Postcolonial computing: A lens on design and development. In Proc. CHI, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Karl, J. Peluchette, and C. Schlaegel. Who's posting faux pas? A cross-cultural examination of personality differences. IJSA, 18(2), June 2010.Google Scholar
- S. Kisilevich and F. Mansmann. Analysis of privacy in online social networks of runet. In Proc. SIN, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Kitiyadisai. Privacy rights and protection: Foreign values in modern Thai context. EIT, 7(1):17--26, Mar. 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Krasnova and N. F. Veltri. Privacy calculus on social networking sites: Explorative evidence from Germany and USA. In Proc. HICSS, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Kumaraguru and L. Cranor. Privacy in India: Attitudes and awareness. In Proc. PET, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Kumaraguru and N. Sachdeva. Privacy in India: Attitudes and awareness v 2.0. Technical Report PreCog-TR-12-001, November 2012.Google Scholar
- B. A. Marshall, P. W. Cardon, D. T. Norris, N. Goreva, and R. D'Souza. Social networking websites in India and the United States: A cross-national comparison of online privacy and communication. IIS, 9(2), 2008.Google Scholar
- B. McSweeney. Hofstede's model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith - a failure of analysis. Human Relations, 55(89), 2002.Google Scholar
- N. Messieh. Facebook is killing local social networks around the world. The Next Web, January 2012.Google Scholar
- S. J. Milberg, S. J. Burke, H. J. Smith, and E. A. Kallman. Values, personal information privacy, and regulatory approaches. CACM, 38(12):65--74, Dec. 1995. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Mizutani, J. Dorsey, and J. H. Moor. The Internet and Japanese conception of privacy. EIT, 6(2), June 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Myslewski. Google misses privacy-policy deadline, incurs EU wrath. The Register, February 2013.Google Scholar
- M. Nakada and T. Tamura. Japanese conceptions of privacy: An intercultural perspective. EIT, 7(1):27--36, Mar. 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Patil, A. Kobsa, A. John, and D. Seligmann. Comparing privacy attitudes of knowledge workers in the U.S. and India. In Proc. ICIC, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Peters, M. Oren, and N. Bidwell. Namibian and American cultural orientations toward Facebook. In CHI EA, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Petronio. Boundaries of Privacy: Dialectics of Disclosure. SUNY Press, 2002.Google Scholar
- K. Reinecke and A. Bernstein. Improving performance, perceived usability, and aesthetics with culturally adaptive user interfaces. ToCHI, 18(2), June 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- K. Reinecke, M. K. Nguyen, A. Bernstein, M. Näf, and K. Z. Gajos. Doodle around the world: Online scheduling behavior reflects cultural differences in time perception and group decision-making. In Proc. CSCW, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Röcker. Information privacy in smart office environments: a cross-cultural study analyzing the willingness of users to share context information. In Proc. ICCSA, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Rosen, M. A. Stefanone, and D. Lackaff. Online and offline social networks: Investigating culturally-specific behavior and satisfaction. In Proc. HICSS, 2010. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Rui and M. A. Stefanone. Strategic self-presentation online: A cross-cultural study. CHB, 29(1):110--118, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Sharrock. How Facebook plans to make us all get along. BuzzFeed, January 2013.Google Scholar
- B. Ur, M. Sleeper, and L. F. Cranor. {Privacy, Privacidad, Privatnost} policies in social media: Providing translated privacy notice. In PSOSM, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- B. Ur and Y. Wang. Online social networks in a post-Soviet state: How Hungarians protect and share on Facebook. In Proc. iConference, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- E. Vitkauskaite. Overview of research on cross-cultural impact on social networking sites. EM, 15:844--848, 2010.Google Scholar
- E. Vitkauskaite. Cultural adaptation issues in social networking sites. EM, 16:1348--1355, 2011.Google Scholar
- M. Voronov and J. A. Singer. The myth of individualism-collectivism: A critical review. JSP, 142(4):461--480, 2002.Google Scholar
- Y. Wang, G. Norcie, and L. F. Cranor. Who is concerned about what? A study of American, Chinese and Indian users' privacy concerns on social network sites. In Proc. TRUST, 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Warman. Online right "to be forgotten" confirmed by EU. Telegraph, March 2011.Google Scholar
- Y. Wu, T. Lau, D. J. Atkin, and C. A. Lin. A comparative study of online privacy regulations in the U.S. and China. Telecommun. Policy, 35(7):603--616, Aug. 2011. Google ScholarCross Ref
- L. Yao-Huai. Privacy and data privacy issues in contemporary China. EIT, 7(1):7--15, Mar. 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. J. Yoo and W.-H. D. Huang. Comparison of Web 2.0 technology acceptance level based on cultural differences. ETS, 14(4):241--252, 2011.Google Scholar
- M. Yuki, W. W. Maddux, M. B. Brewer, and K. Takemura. Cross-cultural differences in relationship- and group-based trust. PSPB, 31(1):48--62, 2005.Google ScholarCross Ref
- S. A. M. Yusof and N. Zakaria. Islamic perspective: Virtual worlds as a western-centric technology. SIGMIS Database, 38(4):100--103, Oct. 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Zhao, P. Hinds, and G. Gao. How and to whom people share: The role of culture in self-disclosure in online communities. In Proc. CSCW, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Zhao and G. Jiang. Cultural differences on visual self-presentation through social networking site profile images. In Proc. CHI, 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- X. Zhao, N. Salehi, S. Naranjit, S. Alwaalan, S. Voida, and D. Cosley. The many faces of Facebook: Experiencing social media as performance, exhibition, and personal archive. In Proc. CHI, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- A cross-cultural framework for protecting user privacy in online social media
Recommendations
Online engagement in social media: A cross-cultural comparison
AbstractOnline engagement is prevalent in society but can be stressful because many debates are controversial. Further, online engagement has become a global phenomenon, and individuals from different cultural backgrounds discuss political and ...
Highlights- Privacy plays an important role in the process of online engagement.
- Culture ...
A cross-cultural comparison of Croatian and American social network sites
Although Instagram is one of the fastest growing social media, scholars are yet to examine cultural differences among users behavior. The current study compares motives for Instagram use between participants from two countries: Croatia, a highly ...
Online social networks in a post-Soviet state: how Hungarians protect and share on Facebook
iConference '12: Proceedings of the 2012 iConferenceAs Facebook has become global, users from different cultural and socio-political contexts have joined the site. We present a case study investigating how both current and historical political events, as well as the migration from a local social ...
Comments