Jaidev P. Patwardhan
Skip Abstract Section
Abstract
This article explores the architectural challenges introduced by emerging bottom-up fabrication of nanoelectronic circuits. The specific nanotechnology we explore proposes patterned DNA nanostructures as a scaffold for the placement and interconnection of carbon nanotube or silicon nanorod FETs to create a limited size circuit (node). Three characteristics of this technology that significantly impact architecture are (1) limited node size, (2) random node interconnection, and (3) high defect rates. We present and evaluate an accumulator-based active network architecture that is compatible with any technology that presents these three challenges. This architecture represents an initial, unoptimized solution for understanding the implications of DNA-guide self-assembly.
- Ancona, M. G. 1996. Systolic processor designs using single-electron digital circuits. Superlattices and Microstructure 20, 4.Google Scholar
- Bachtold, A., Hadley, P., Nakanishi, T., and Dekker, C. 2001. Logic circuits with carbon nanotube transistors. Science 294 (Nov.), 1317--1320.Google Scholar
- Beckett, P. and Jennings, A. 2002. Toward nanocomputer architecture. In Proceedings of the 7th Asia-Pacific Computer Systems Architecture Conference. 141--150. Google Scholar
- Braun, E., Eichen, Y., Sivan, U., and Gdalyahu, B.-Y. 1998. DNA-templated assembly and electrode attachment of a conducting silver wire. Nature 391, 775--778.Google Scholar
- Burke, P. J. 2003. An RF circuit model for carbon nanotubes. IEEE Trans. Nanotech 2, 1, 55--58. Google Scholar
- Castro, M. and Liskov, B. 1999. Practical byzantine fault tolerance. In Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. Google Scholar
- Campbell-Kelly, M. 1998. Programming the edsac: Early programming activity at the University of Cambridge. IEEE Annals History Compt. 20, 4, 46--67. Google Scholar
- Cui, Y. and Lieber, C. M. 2001. Functional nanoscale electronic devices assembled using silicon nanowire building blocks. Science 291 (Feb.), 851--853.Google Scholar
- Culbertson, W. B., Amerson, R., Carter, R. J., Kuekes, P., and Snider, G. 1996. The teramac custom computer: Extending the limits with defect tolerance. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems. (Nov.). Google Scholar
- Dalal, Y. K. and Metcalfe, R. M. 1978. Reverse path forwarding of broadcast packets. Commun. ACM. 21, 12 (Dec.), 1040--1048. Google Scholar
- Dally, W. J. 1992. Virtual channel flow control. IEEE Trans. Parallel and Distributed Systems 3, 2 (Mar.), 194--205. Google Scholar
- DeHon, A. 2002. Array-based architecture for molecular electronics. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Non-Silicon Computation (NSC-1) (Feb.).Google Scholar
- DeHon, A. 2003. Array-based architecture for FET-based, nanoscale eletronics. IEEE Trans. Nanotech. 2, 1 (Mar.), 23--32. Google Scholar
- Dürkop, V., Getty, S. A., Cobas, E., and Fuhrer, M. S. 2004. Extraordinary mobility in semiconducting carbon nanotubes. Nano Letters 4, 1, 35--39.Google Scholar
- Dwyer, C., Guthold, M., Falvo, M., Washburn, S., Superfine, R., and Erie, D. 2002. DNA functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nanotech. 13, 601--604.Google Scholar
- Dwyer, C. 2003. Self-Assembled Computer Architecture: Design and Fabrication Theory. PhD thesis, University of North Carolina, May. Google Scholar
- Dwyer, C., Vicci, L., Poulton, J., Erie, D., Superfine, R., Washburn, S., and Taylor, R. M. 2004. The design of DNA self-assembled computing circuitry. IEEE Trans. VLSI 12 (Nov.), 1214--1220. Google Scholar
- Dwyer C., Cheung, M., and Sorin, D. J. 2004. Semi-Empirical spice models for carbon nanotube FET logic. In Proceedings of the 4th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology (Aug.).Google Scholar
- Dwyer, C., Johri, V., Patwardhan, J. P., Lebeck, A. R., and Sorin, D. J. 2004. Design tools for self-assembling nanoscale technology. Institute of Physics Nanotech. 15, 9 (Sept.).Google Scholar
- Dwyer, C., Poulton, J., Taylor, R., and Vicci, L. 2004d. DNA self-assembled parallel computer architectures. Nanotech. 1688--1694.Google Scholar
- Dwyer, C., Park, S. H., LaBean, T., and Lebeck, A. 2005. The design and fabrication of a fully addressable 8-tile DNA lattice. In Foundations of Nanoscience: Self-Assembled Architectures and Devices. 187--191.Google Scholar
- Fortes, J. B. 2003. Future challenges in vlsi system design. In Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (Feb.), 5--7. Google Scholar
- Fountain, T. J., Duff, M. J. B., Crawley, D. G., Tomlinson, C. D., and Moffat, C. D. 1998. The use of nanoelectronic devices in highly-parallel computing systems. IEEE Transactions on VLSI Systems 6, 1, 31--38. Google Scholar
- Fuhrer, M. S., Nygard, J., Shih, L., Forero, M., Yoon, Y.-G., Mazzoni, M. S. C., Choi, H. J., Ihm, J., Louie, S. G., Zettle, A., and McEuen, P. L. 2001. Crossed nanotube junctions. Science 288 (Apr.), 494--497.Google Scholar
- Gayasen, A., Vijaykrishnan, N., and Irwin, M. J. 2005. Exploring technology alternatives for nano-scale FPGA interconnects. In Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Design Automation Conference (DAC-2005), (June). Google Scholar
- Glass, C. J. and Ni, L. M. 1992. The turn model for adaptive routing. In Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (May), 278--287. Google Scholar
- Goldstein, S. C. and Budiu, M. 2001. Nanofabrics: Spatial computing using molecular electronics. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (July), 178--191. Google Scholar
- Han, J. and Jonker, P. 2003. A defect- and fault-tolerant architecture for nanocomputers. Nanotech. 14 (Jan.), 224--230.Google Scholar
- Han, J., Gao, J., Qi, Y., Jonker, P., and Fortes, J. A. B. 2005. Toward hardware-redundant, fault-tolerant logic for nanoelectronics. IEEE Design & Test of Computers 22, 4 (Apr.), 328--339. Google Scholar
- Hazani, M., Hennrich, F., Kappes, M., Naaman, R. N., Peled, D., Sidorov, V., and Shvarts, D. 2004. DNA-mediated self-assembly of carbon nanotube-based electronic devices. Chemical Physics Letters 391, 389--392.Google Scholar
- Heath, J. R., Kuekes, P. J., Snider, G. S., and Williams, R. S. 1998. A defect-tolerant computer architecture: Opportunities for nanotechnology. Science. 280 (June), 1716--1721.Google Scholar
- Huang, Y., Duan, X., Cui, Y., Lauhon, L. J., Kim, K.-H., and Lieber, C. M. 2001. Logic gates and computation from assembled nanowire building blocks. Science 294 (Nov.), 1313--1317.Google Scholar
- Intanagonwiwat, C., Govindan, R., and Estrin, D. 2000. Directed diffusion: A scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks. Mobile Comput. Networking, 56--67. Google Scholar
- Javey, A., Guo, J., Farmer, D. B., Wang, Q., and Wang, D., 2004. Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors with integrated ohmic contacts and high-K gate dielectrics. Nano Letters 3, 447--450.Google Scholar
- Johnson, D. B. and Maltz, D. A. 1996. Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. In Mobile Computing, vol. 353. (Imielinski and Korth, eds.). Kluwer, Amstredam.Google Scholar
- Kim, H.-S. and Smith, J. E. 2002. An instruction set and microarchitecture for instruction level distributed processing. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (May). Google Scholar
- Kim, H.-S. and Smith, J. E. 2003. Dynamic binary translation for accumulator-oriented architectures. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization (CGO) 2003 (Mar.), 25--35. Google Scholar
- Kim, B. M., Brintlinger, T., Cobas, E., Fuhrer, M. S., Zheng, H., Yu Z., Droopad, R., Ramdani, J., and Eisenbeiser, K. 2004. High-performance carbon nanotube transistors on SrTiO3 Si substrates. Applied Physics Letters 84, 11, (Mar.).Google Scholar
- Lavington, S. H. 1978. The manchester Mark 1 and Atlas: A historical perspective. Communications of the ACM 21, 1, 4--12. Google Scholar
- Liu, D., Park, S.-H., Reif, J. H., and LaBean, T. H. 2004. Dna nanotubes self-assembled from TX tiles as templates for conductive nanowires. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 101, 3, 717--722.Google Scholar
- Martin, B. R., Dermody, D. J., Reiss, B. D., Fang, M., Lyon, L. A., Natan, M. J., and Mallouk, T. E. 1999. Orthogonal self-assembly on colloidal gold-platinum nanorods. Advanced Materials 11, 12 (Aug.), 1021--1025.Google Scholar
- McEuen, P. L., Fuhrer, M. S., and Park, H. 2002. Single-walled carbon nanotube electronics. IEEE Trans. Nanotech. 1, 1 (Mar.), 78--85. Google Scholar
- Niemier, M. T. and Kogge, P. M. 2001. Exploring and exploiting wire-level pipelining in emerging technologies. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, (July), 166--177. Google Scholar
- Niemier, M. T., Ravichandran, R., and Kogge, P. M. 2004. Using circuits and systems-level research to drive nanotechnology. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors (ICCD) (Oct.), 302--309. Google Scholar
- Nikolic, K., Sadek, A., and Forshaw, M. 2002. Fault-tolerant techniques for nanocomputers. Nanotech. 13, 357--362.Google Scholar
- Oskin, M., Chong, F. T., and Chuang, I. 2002. A practical architecture for reliable quantum computers. IEEE Computer (Jan.), 79--87. Google Scholar
- Park, S. H., Pistol, C., Ahn, S. J., Reif, J. H., Lebeck, A. R., Dwyer, C. L., and LaBean, T. H. 2006. Finite-size, fully-addressable DNA tile lattices formed by hierarchical assembly procedures. Angewandte Chemie 45 (Jan.), 735--739.Google Scholar
- Patwardhan, J. P., Dwyer, C., Lebeck, A. R., and Sorin, D. J. 2004. Circuit and system architecture for DNA-guided self-assembly of nanoelectronics. In Foundations of Nanoscience: Self-Assembled Architectures and Devices. 344--358.Google Scholar
- Patwardhan, J. P., Dwyer, C., Lebeck, A. R., and Sorin, D. J. 2005. Evaluating the connectivity of self-assembled networks of nano-scale processing elements. In Proceeding of the IEEE International Workshop on Design and Test of Defect-Tolerant Nanoscale Architectures (NANOARCH '05), (May), 2.1--2.8.Google Scholar
- Schroeder, M. D., Birrell, A. D., Burrows, M., Murray, H., Needham, R. M., Rodeheffer, T. L., Satterthwaite, E. H., and Thacker, C. P. 1991. Autonet: A high-speed, self-configuring local area network using point to point links. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 9, 8, (Oct.).Google Scholar
- Seeman, N. C. 1999. Dna engineering and its application to nanotechnology. Trends in Biotech 17, 437--443.Google Scholar
- Skinner, K., Carroll, R. L., Washburn, S., and Dwyer, C. L. 2005. Nanowire transistors, gate electrodes, and their directed self-assembly. In Proceedings of the 72nd Southeastern Section of the American Physical Society (SESAPS) (Nov.).Google Scholar
- Snider, G., Kuekes, P., and Williams, R. S. 2004. CMOS-like logic in defective, nanoscale crossbars. Nanotech. 15, 881--891.Google Scholar
- Stan, M. R., Franzon, P. D., Goldstein, S. C., Lach, J. C., and Ziegler, M. M. 2003. Molecular electronics: From devices and interconnect to circuits and architecture. In Proc. IEEE. 91, (Nov.), 1940--1957.Google Scholar
- Strano, M. S., Dyke, C. A., Usrey, M. L., Barone, P. W., Allen, M. J., Shan, H. W., Kittrell, C., Hauge, R. H., Tour, J. M., and Smalley, R. E. 2003. Electronic structure control of single-walled carbon nanotube functionalization. Science 301 (Sept.), 1519--1522.Google Scholar
- Tans, S. J., Verschueren, A. R. M., and Dekker, C., 1998. Room-temperature transistor based on a single carbon nanotube. Nature 393, 49--52.Google Scholar
- Tennenhouse, D. L. and Wetherall, D. J. 1996. Towards an active network architecture. Computer Communication Review 26, 2. Google Scholar
- Thaker, D. D., Impens, F., Chuang, I. L., Amirtharajah, R., and Chong, F. T. 2005. Recursive tmr: Scaling fault tolerance in the nanoscale era. IEEE Design & Test of Comput. 22, 4 (Apr.), 298--305. Google Scholar
- Tour, J. M. 2000. Molecular electronics. Synthesis and testing of components. Accounts of Chemical Research 33, 11, 791--804.Google Scholar
- Tseng, G. Y. and Ellenbogen, J. C. 2001. Toward nanocomputers. Science 294 (Nov.), 1293--1294.Google Scholar
- Berkel, K. V. and Bink, A. 1996. Single-track handshake signaling with application to micropipelines and handshake circuits. In Procceding of the Seconds International Symposium on Advanced Research in Asynchronous Circuits and Systems. (Mar.), 122--133. Google Scholar
- Wind, S. J., Appenzeller, J., Martel, R., Derycke, V., and Avouris, P. 2002. Vertical scaling of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors using top gate electrodes. Applied Physics Letters 80 (May), 3817--3819.Google Scholar
- Winfree, E., Liu, F., Wenzler, L. A., and Seeman, N. C. 1998. Design and self-assembly of two-dimensional DNA crystals. Nature 394, 539.Google Scholar
- Yan, H., LaBean, T. H., Feng, L., and Reif, J. H. 2003a. Directed nucleation assembly of barcode patterned DNA lattices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, 14 (July), 8103--8108.Google Scholar
- Yan, H., Park, S. H., Finkelstein, G., Reif, J. H., and LaBean, T. H. 2003b. DNA templated self-assembly of protein arrays and highly conductive nanowires. Science 301, 5641 (Sept.), 1882--1884.Google Scholar
- Zheng, M., Jagota, A., Semke, E. D., Diner, B. A., McLean, R. S., Lustig, S. R., Richardson, R. E., and Tassi, N. G. 2003. DNA-assisted dispersion and separation of carbon nanotubes. Nature Materials 2 (May), 338--342.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- NANA: A nano-scale active network architecture
Recommendations
Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors and logic circuits
DAC '02: Proceedings of the 39th annual Design Automation ConferenceIn this paper, we present recent advances in the understanding of the properties of semiconducting single wall carbon nanotube and in the exploration of their use as field-effect transistors (FETs). Both electrons and holes can be injected in a nanotube ...
Metallic-CNT and Non-uniform CNTs Tolerant Design of CNFET-based Circuits Using Independent N2-Transistor Structures
ISVLSI '11: Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSICarbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors (CNFETs), consisting of semi conducting Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), show great promise as extensions to silicon CMOS. However, imperfections related to CNT growth process result in metallic and non-uniform CNTs ...
Assembly and Electrical Characterization of Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Interconnects
We demonstrate a general method to assemble and contact arrays of individual multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) interconnects between electrodes in one batch. We have also collected about 200 resistance measurements to compare four different contact ...
Comments