Abstract
High-dimensional computing, compared to traditional qubit computing, has the advantage of operating in a larger scale and storing more information. Considering its advantages, it is of great importance to adapt existing quantum algorithms to high dimension for quantum computing. Yet, the challenges pertaining to high-dimensional quantum computing have limited the studies in this field. In this study, the Grover Search Algorithm for two, three and four targets in high dimension is implemented on Cirq. We concluded that computing in high dimension provides an advantage in terms of capacity and number of qudits used.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability and material
Not applicable.
Change history
16 March 2022
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02540-x
References
P.R. Feynman, Simulating physics with computers, in Feynman and computation (CRC Press, 2018), pp. 133–153
A. Frank, A. Kunal, B. Ryan, B. Dave, C. Joseph Bardin, B. Rami, B. Rupak, B. Sergio, G.S.L. Fernando Brandao, A. David Buell, Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor. Nature 574(7779), 505–510 (2019)
H.-S. Zhong, H. Wang, Y.-H. Deng, M.-C. Chen, L.-C. Peng, Y.-H. Luo, J. Qin, W. Dian, X. Ding, H. Yi et al., Quantum computational advantage using photons. Science 370(6523), 1460–1463 (2020)
J.I. Cirac, P. Zoller, Quantum computations with cold trapped ions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74(20), 4091 (1995)
Ibm quantum experience. https://quantum-computing.ibm.com, 05 2021. Accessed 2021-05-27
S. Khasminskaya, F. Pyatkov, K. S.łowik, S. Ferrari, O. Kahl, V. Kovalyuk, P. Rath, A. Vetter, F. Hennrich, M.M. Kappes, Fully integrated quantum photonic circuit with an electrically driven light source. Nat. Photonics 10(11), 727–732 (2016)
G.D. Cory, F.A. Fahmy, F.T. Havel, et al. Proceedings of physcomp’96 (1996)
W. Yuchen, H. Zixuan, C.B. Sanders, K. Sabre, Qudits and high-dimensional quantum computing. Front. Phys. 8, 479 (2020)
M. Howard, J. Vala, Qudit versions of the qubit \(\pi \)/8 gate. Phys. Rev. A 86(2), 022316 (2012)
J. Daboul, X. Wang, B.C. Sanders, Quantum gates on hybrid qudits. J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 36(10), 2525 (2003)
J.C. Garcia-Escartin, P. Chamorro-Posada, A swap gate for qudits. Quantum Inf. Process. 12(12), 3625–3631 (2013)
T.C. Ralph, K.J. Resch, A. Gilchrist, Efficient toffoli gates using qudits. Phys. Rev. A 75(2), 022313 (2007)
E.O. Kiktenko, A.S. Nikolaeva, X.U. Peng, G.V. Shlyapnikov, A.K. Fedorov, Scalable quantum computing with qudits on a graph. Phys. Rev. A 101(2), 022304 (2020)
Z. Gedik, I.A. Silva, B. Çakmak, G. Karpat, E.L.G. Vidoto, D.D.O. Soares-Pinto, E.R. de Azevedo, F.F. Fanchini, Computational speed-up with a single qudit. Sci. Rep. 5(1), 1–7 (2015)
D.M. Nguyen, S. Kim, Quantum key distribution protocol based on modified generalization of Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm in d-level quantum system. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 58(1), 71–82 (2019)
K. Nagata, H. Geurdes, S.K. Patro, S. Heidari, A. Farouk, T. Nakamura, Generalization of the Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm beyond qubit systems. Quantum Stud. Math. Found. 7(1), 17–21 (2020)
Y. Cao, S.-G. Peng, C. Zheng, G.-L. Long, Quantum Fourier transform and phase estimation in qudit system. Commun. Theor. Phys. 55(5), 790 (2011)
A. Bocharov, M. Roetteler, K.M. Svore, Factoring with qutrits: Shor’s algorithm on ternary and metaplectic quantum architectures. Phys. Rev. A 96(1), 012303 (2017)
S.S. Ivanov, H.S. Tonchev, N.V. Vitanov, Time-efficient implementation of quantum search with qudits. Phys. Rev. A 85(6), 062321 (2012)
H.H. Lu, Z. Hu, M.S. Alshaykh, A.J. Moore, Y. Wang, P. Imany, A.M. Weiner, S. Kais, Quantum phase estimation with time-frequency qudits in a single photon. Adv. Quantum Technol. 3(2), 1900074 (2020)
X. Gao, M. Erhard, A. Zeilinger, M. Krenn, Computer-inspired concept for high-dimensional multipartite quantum gates. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125(5), 050501 (2020)
S.D. Bartlett, H. de Guise, B.C. Sanders, Quantum encodings in spin systems and harmonic oscillators. Phys. Rev. A 65(5), 052316 (2002)
M.R.A. Adcock, P. Høyer, B.C. Sanders, Quantum computation with coherent spin states and the close Hadamard problem. Quantum Inf. Process. 15(4), 1361–1386 (2016)
A.B. Klimov, R. Guzman, J.C. Retamal, Qutrit quantum computer with trapped ions. Phys. Rev. A 67(6), 062313 (2003)
S. Dogra, K. Dorai et al., Determining the parity of a permutation using an experimental nmr qutrit. Phys. Lett. A 378(46), 3452–3456 (2014)
M.N. Leuenberger, D. Loss, Quantum computing in molecular magnets. Nature 410(6830), 789–793 (2001)
I. Vagniluca, B.D. Lio, D. Rusca, D. Cozzolino, Y. Ding, H. Zbinden, A. Zavatta, L.K. Oxenløwe, D. Bacco, Efficient time-bin encoding for practical high-dimensional quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Appl. 14(1), 014051 (2020)
L. Sheridan, V. Scarani, Security proof for quantum key distribution using qudit systems. Phys. Rev. A 82(3), 030301 (2010)
D. Cozzolino, B. Da Lio, D. Bacco, L.K. Oxenløwe, High-dimensional quantum communication: benefits, progress, and future challenges. Adv. Quantum Technol. 2(12), 1900038 (2019)
D. Bacco, B. Da Lio, D. Cozzolino, F. Da Ros, X. Guo, Y. Ding, Y. Sasaki, K. Aikawa, S. Miki, H. Terai et al., Boosting the secret key rate in a shared quantum and classical fibre communication system. Commun. Phys. 2(1), 1–8 (2019)
Y.-H. Luo, H.-S. Zhong, M. Erhard, X.-L. Wang, L.-C. Peng, M. Krenn, X. Jiang, L. Li, N.-L. Liu, L. Chao-Yang et al., Quantum teleportation in high dimensions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123(7), 070505 (2019)
L.K. Grover, A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search, in Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, pp. 212–219 (1996)
S. Simanraj, Grover’s search algorithm for n qubits with optimal number of iterations. arXiv preprint arXiv:2011.04051 (2020)
S. Amit, M. Ritajit, S. Debasri, C. Amlan, S.-K. Susmita, Asymptotically improved Grover’s algorithm in any dimensional quantum system with novel decomposed \(n\)-qudit toffoli gate. arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.04447 (2020)
S. Amit, S. Debasri, C. Amlan, Circuit design for \( k \)-coloring problem and its implementation in any dimensional quantum system. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.14281 (2021)
Google cirq. https://quantumai.google/cirq, 05 2021. Accessed 2021-02-20
M.A. Nielsen, I.L. Chuang, Quantum computation and quantum information. Phys. Today 54(2), 60 (2010)
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the referees for their valuable suggestion.
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Erdi Acar, Sabri Gündüz, Güven Akpınar and İhsan Yılmaz took part in conceptualization; Erdi Acar involved in coding; Erdi Acar, Sabri Gündüz and İhsan Yılmaz involved in formal analysis; Erdi Acar, Sabri Gündüz, Güven Akpınar and İhsan Yılmaz took part in investigation; Erdi Acar, Sabri Gündüz, Güven Akpınar and İhsan Yılmaz involved in methodology; Sabri Gündüz took part in resources; Sabri Gündüz involved in software; İhsan Yılmaz involved in supervision; Sabri Gündüz and Erdi Acar took part in visualization; Sabri Gündüz involved in writing—original draft preparation; Sabri Gündüz, Erdi Acar and İhsan Yılmaz took part in writing—review and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
The original online version of this article was revised to correct affiliations 1 to 3 and add affiliations 4 and 5: 4 Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey 5 Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Enggineering, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Acar, E., Gündüz, S., Akpınar, G. et al. High-dimensional Grover multi-target search algorithm on Cirq. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 137, 244 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02460-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02460-w