Symmetry and boundness of four-particle coulomb systems

Abstract

The problem of boundness of a ⁺ b ⁺ c ⁻ d ⁻ four-particle Coulomb systems (quadrions) is studied versus the masses of the particles involved. Inequalities that make it possible to deduce that, if some reference quadrions form a bound state, the same is true for a large number of quadrions formed by particles having various masses were derived. A compendium of calculations for energies of reference systems that possess various symmetries [positronium molecules (e ⁺ e ⁺ e ⁻ e ⁻) and quadrions of the a ⁺ b ⁺ b ⁻ b ⁻, a ⁺ b ⁺ a ⁻ b ⁻, and a ⁺ a ⁺ b ⁻ c ⁻ types] is given, and groups of bound asymmetric quadrions corresponding to them are determined. An inequality for kinetic energies of particles that makes it possible to find out, by using asymmetric reference systems, whether specific quadrions are bound is obtained. It is shown that the boundness of many quadrions is ensured by the boundness of respective three-particle systems. The entire body of the present results permits proving that, of the total number of 406 quadrions containing electrons, muons, pions, kaons, protons, deuterons, and tritons and their antiparticles, 227 quadrions are bound.