Abstract
We investigated polymorphisms in the pantophysin gene (Pan I locus) in a population of Northeast Arctic cod, Gadus morhua L., throughout its foraging area in the Barents Sea and adjacent waters. Correlations between the frequencies of Pan I alleles and habitat conditions, such as depth and temperature, were explored. This study was based on a large number of specimens (2210 individuals) of different age and wide geographic sampling coverage. The frequency of the Pan IA allele, a known genetic marker of coastal cod, varied from zero to 0.47. Allele frequencies correlated with depth at the sampling location but not with bottom water temperatures. We observed variations in Pan IA frequencies among different age cohorts from the same area. The most prominent shift in Pan I polymorphism was detected at the early stages of the fish life cycle, between pelagic juveniles and benthic cod. We found that the Pan IA allele frequency in pelagic yearling cod was essentially same throughout the studied areas in the Barents Sea. In turn, juveniles settling at the northern and deep water locations showed a significant decrease in the allele frequency. In contrast, the frequency of the Pan IA allele remained constant in juveniles settling in shallow waters when compared to the pelagic stage. These results confirm the selective nature of the cod Pan I locus and indicate that selection process acting on individuals with different genotypes at the Pan I locus leads to the formation of a stable spatial distribution of allele frequencies observed in adult cod.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Treska Barentseva morya: biologiya i promysel (The Barents Sea Cod: Biology and Fishery), Boitsov, V.D., Lebed, N.I., Ponomarenko, V.P., et al., Eds., Murmansk: Polar. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Ryb. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2003, 2nd ed.
Artem’eva, K.F., Some characteristics of ecology and genetic variability of cod in the North-East Atlantic, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Moscow, 1989.
Karasev, A.B., Application of parasitological data for the population structure analysis of Arctic-Norwegian cod, in Parazity i bolezni morskikh i presnovodnykh ryb Severnogo basseina (Parasites and Diseases of Marine and Freshwater Fishes of the North Basin), Murmansk: Polar. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Ryb. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1998, pp. 168–176.
Borisov, V.M., Ponomarenko, V.P., and Yaragina, N.A., A critical review of the population status in coastal cod (Gadus morhua) from Barents Sea Region of Norway, J. Ichthyol., 1999, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 18–28.
Lepesevich, N.A., Biological characteristics of the Northeast Arctic cod having different structure of otoliths, Biologiya i regulirovanie promysla donnykh ryb Barentseva morya i Severnoi Atlantiki (Biology and Regulation of Fishing of Benthic Fish in the Barents Sea and the North Atlantic), Murmansk: Polar. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Ryb. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1999.
Rollefsen, G., The otoliths of the cod—preliminary report, Fiskeridir Skr., Ser. Havunders, 1933, vol. 4, pp. 1–18.
Nordeide, J.T., Johansen, S.D., Jørgensen, T.E., et al., Population connectivity among migratory and stationary cod Gadus morhua in the North-East Atlantic—a review of 80 years of study, Mar. Ecol., Proc. Ser., 2011, vol. 435, pp. 269–283.
Otterlei, E., Folkvord, A., and Nyhammer, G., Temperature dependent otolith growth of larval and early juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), ICES J. Mar. Sci., 2002, vol. 59, pp. 401–410.
Berg, E. and Albert, O.T., Cod in fjords and coastal waters of North Norway: distribution and variation in length and maturity at age, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 2003, vol. 60, pp. 787–797.
Stransky, C., Baumann, H., Fevolden, S.E., et al., Separation of Norwegian coastal cod and Northeast Arctic cod by outer otolith shape analysis, Fish. Res., 2008, vol. 90, pp. 26–35.
Løken, S. and Pedersen, T., Effect of parent type and temperature on vertebrae number in juvenile cod, Gadus morhua (L.), in northern Norway, Sarsia, 1996, vol. 80, pp. 293–298.
Karpov, A.K. and Novikov, G.G., Hemoglobin alloforms in cod, Gadus morhua (Gadiformes, Gadidae), their functional characteristics and occurrence in populations, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1980, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 823–827.
Petersen, M.F. and Steffensen, J.F., Preferred temperature of juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua with different hemoglobin genotypes at normoxia and moderate hypoxia, J. Exp. Biol., 2003, vol. 206, pp. 359–364.
Mork, J. and Giver, M., Genetic structure of cod along the coast of Norway: results from isozyme studies, Sarsia, 1999, vol. 84, pp. 157–168.
Karlsson, S. and Mork, J., Selection-induced variation at the pantophysin locus (Pan I) in a Norwegian fjord population of cod (Gadus morhua L.), Mol. Ecol., 2003, vol. 12, pp. 3265–3274.
Pogson, G.H., Mesa, K.H., and Boutilier, R.G., Genetic population structure and gene flow in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua: a comparison of allozyme and nuclear RFLP loci, Genetics, 1995, vol. 139, pp. 375–385.
Fevolden, S.E. and Pogson, G.H., Genetic divergence at the synaptophysin (Syp I) locus among Norwegian coastal and north-east Arctic populations of Atlantic cod, J. Fish Biol., 1997, vol. 51, pp. 895–908.
Sarvas, T.H. and Fevolden, S.E., Pantophysin (Pan I) locus divergence between inshore v. offshore and northern v. southern populations of Atlantic cod in the northeast Atlantic, J. Fish. Biol., 2005, vol. 67, pp. 444–469.
Sarvas, T.H. and Fevolden, S.-E., The scnDNA locus Pan I reveals concurrent presence of different populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) within a single fjord, Fish. Res., 2005, vol. 76, pp. 307–316.
Westgaard, J.-I. and Fevolden, S.-E., Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in inner and outer coastal zones of northern Norway display divergent genetic signature at non-neutral loci, Fish. Res., 2007, vol. 85, pp. 306–315.
Skarstein, T.H., Westgaard, J.-I., and Fevolden, S.E., Comparing microsatellite variation in north-east Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) to genetic structuring as revealed by the pantophysin (Pan I) locus, J. Fish. Biol., 2007, vol. 70, pp. 271–290.
Pogson, G.H. and Fevolden, S.E., Natural selection and the genetic differentiation of coastal and arctic populations of the Atlantic cod in northern Norway: a test involving nucleotide sequence variation at the pantophysin (Pan I) locus, Mol. Ecol., 2003, vol. 12, pp. 63–74.
Haass, N.K., Kartenbeck, J., and Leube, R.E., Pantophysin is a ubiquitously expressed synaptophysin homologue and defines constitutive transport vesicles, J. Cell. Biol., 1996, vol. 134, pp. 731–746.
Windoffer, R., Borchert-Stuhltrager, M., Haass, N.K., et al., Tissue expression of the vesicle protein pantophysin, Cell. Tissue Res., 1999, vol. 296, pp. 499–510.
Case, R.A.J., Hutchinson, W.F., Hauser, L., et al., Macro- and micro-geographic variation in pantophysin (Pan I) allele frequencies in NE Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 2005, vol. 301, pp. 267–278.
Instruktsii i metodicheskie rekomendatsii po sboru i obrabotke biologicheskoi informatsii v raionakh issledovanii PINRO (Instructions and Methodic Guidelines for the Collection and Processing of Biological Information in the Research Areas of Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography), Murmansk: Polar. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Ryb. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2001.
Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E.F., and Sambrook, J., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Lab., 1982.
Aljanabi, S.M. and Martinez, I., Universal and rapid salt-extraction of high quality genomic DNA for PCR-based techniques, Nucleic Acids Res., 1997, vol. 25, pp. 4692–4693.
Peakall, R. and Smouse, P.E., GenAlEx 6: genetic analysis in Excel: population genetic software for teaching and research, Mol. Ecol. Notes, 2006, vol. 6, pp. 288–295.
Excoffier, L., Laval, G., and Schneider, S., Arlequin ver. 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis, Evol. Bioinform. Online, 2005, vol. 1, pp. 47–50.
Pampoulie, Ch., Jakobsdottir, K.B., Marteinsdottir, G., and Thorsteinsson, V., Are vertical behavior patterns related to the pantophysin locus in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)?, Behav. Genet., 2008, vol. 38, pp. 76–81.
Ponomarenko, I.Ya., Lebed’, N.I., and Yaragina, N.A., The results of the cod tagging in the Barents Sea, Rybn. Khoz. (Moscow), 1985, no. 8, pp. 19–22.
Pampoulie, Ch., Ruzzante, D.E., Chosson, V., et al., The genetic structure of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) around Iceland: insight from microsatellites, the Pan I locus, and tagging experiments, Can. J. Fish. Aquat., 2006, vol. 63, pp. 2660–2674.
Fevolden, S.-E., Westgaard, J.-I., Pedersen, T., and Praebel, K., Settling-depth vs. genotype and size vs. genotype correlations at the Pan I locus in 0-group Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, Mar. Ecol.: Proc. Ser., 2012, vol. 468, pp. 267–278.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © G.A. Makeenko, A.A. Volkov, N.S. Mugue, D.A. Zelenina, 2014, published in Genetika, 2014, Vol. 50, No. 12, pp. 1435–1449.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Makeenko, G.A., Volkov, A.A., Mugue, N.S. et al. Genetic variation at the pantophysin (PanI) locus in North-East Arctic cod Gadus morhua L. (Godiformes: Gadidae) population in the Barents Sea and adjacent waters. Russ J Genet 50, 1271–1284 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795414120072
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795414120072