Abstract
The effects of additional dynamic visual stimuli (retinal optokinetic stimulation (ROKS)) on the visual–manual tracking (VMT) indicators in the absence of support afferentation and with a reduced level of proprioceptive afferentation were determined using a model of horizontal “dry” immersion. The accuracy of the VMT of jerky and smooth (linear, pendular, and circular) movements represented by visual dot stimuli was evaluated in all 18 participants aged 19–31 before, during and after their exposure to a five- to seven-day immersion bath. The eye movements were recorded by electrooculography, while the hand movements were recorded by a joystick with a biological visual feedback (the current angle of the joystick handle was imaged on the screen). Computerized visual stimulation tests were presented, through virtual reality glasses, to subjects in the absence and against the background ROKS. We analyzed the temporal and the amplitude- and velocity-related visual and manual tracking (VT and MT) characteristics, including the efficiency (e) and gain (g) coefficients as the ratios between the amplitudes and velocities of eye/hand movements and the amplitude of stimulus movements. The efficiency and gain coefficients of both VT and MT without ROKS were significantly decreased against the baseline during the entire period including three days of immersion and 3 post-immersion days. The most pronounced worsening was observed in the VT parameters. Whereas the VT and MT parameters remained unchanged against the threshold ROKS before the immersion, they were improved during and after the immersion (the improvement was significant on the fifth to seventh day of immersion and on the thirdthird post-immersion day, compared to the test indicators on the clean screen). The most pronounced impact of ROKS was observed in the VT parameters. The vestibular function (VF) was evaluated by videooculography before and after immersion. We analyzed the static torsional otolith-cervicalocular reflex (OCOR), dynamic vestibular-cervical-ocular reactions (VCOR), vestibular reactivity (VR), and spontaneous eye movements (SpEM). A significant decrease in OCOR (gOCOR was 0.1, compared to the background gOCOR value of 0.25) was detected alongside a simultaneous significant increase in the VCOR/VR parameters in 28% of subjects on day R + 1 after immersion. Correlational has been found between the parameters of VT and MT, as well as between those of VF and VT, but no correlation has been found between the VF and MT characteristics. The results have shown that the removal of support afferentation and the minimization of proprioceptive afferentation more affected the accuracy of VT rather than that of MT. The correlational links between the studied parameters against the background of ROKS were not only preserved, but also intensified. The obtained results confirm the development of sensory deprivation (and afferent deficit) under the exposure to an immersion bath and indicate the approach to correcting the sensory deprivation through additional ROKS.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Shulgovsky, V.V., Physiology of the Higher Nervous Activity with the Basics of Neuroscience: A Study Guide, Moscow: Academia, 2008, ed. 2.
Mather, J. and Lackner, J., Multiple sensory and motor cues enhance the accuracy of pursuit eye movements, Aviat., Space Environ. Med., 1980, vol. 51, p. 856.
Buttner-Ennever, J.A., Horn, A.K.E., Graf, W., and Ugolini, G., Modern concepts of brainstem anatomy from extraocular motoneurons to proprioceptive pathways, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2002, vol. 956, p. 75.
Leigh, R.J. and Zee, D.S., The Neurology of Eye Movements, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999.
Kornilova, L.N., The role of gravitation-dependent systems in visual tracking, Neurosci. Behav. Physiol., 2004, vol. 34, no. 8, p. 20.
Kornilova, L.N., Naumov, I.A., Sagalovitch, S.V., and Reschke, M., Vestibular function and visual tracking after prolonged spaceflights, in Space Biology and Medicine, vol. 2: Biomedical Studies on the Russian Segment of the ISS, Moscow: Anikom, 2011.
Kornilova, L., Naumov, I., Azarov, K., and Sagalovitch, V., Gaze control and vestibular-cervical-ocular responses after prolonged exposure to microgravity, Aviat., Space Environ. Med., 2012, vol. 83, no. 12, p. 1.
Berger, M., Mescheriakov, S., Molokanova, E., et al., Pointing arm movements in short and long-term space flights, Aviat., Space Environ. Med., 1997, vol. 68, no. 9, p. 781.
Mescheriakov, S., Berger, M., Molokanova, E., et al., Slowing of human arm movements during weightlessness: the role of vision, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 2002, vol. 87, no. 6, p. 576.
Muller, Ch., Kornilova, L.N., Wiest, G., et al., Oculomotor responses and visuomanual tracking and vertical vection to optokinetic stimulation, Proc. 1st Congress of the WFN-Research Group of Space and Underwater Neurology, Messina, 1993.
Kornilova, L.N., Naumov, I.A., Mazurenko, A.Yu., and Kozlovskaya, I.B., Visual-manual tracking and vestibular function during a seven-day dry immersion, Hum. Physiol., 2010, vol. 36, no. 7, p. 813.
Kornilova, L.N., Naumov, I.A., Glukhikh, D.O., and Kozlovskaya, I.B., Visual-manual tracking during a five-day dry immersion, Hum. Physiol., 2013, vol. 39, no. 7, p. 762.
Kornilova, L.N., Naumov, I.A., Glukhikh, D.O., et al., The effects of support-proprioceptive deprivation on visual-manual tracking and vestibular function, Hum. Physiol., 2013, vol. 39, no. 5, p. 462.
Kozlovskaya, I.B., Fundamental and applied objectives of investigation in dry immersion, Hum. Physiol., 2010, vol. 36, no. 7, p. 808.
Kornilova, L., Grigorova, V., Mueller, Ch., et al., Effects of vestibular and support afferentation upon visual pursuit in microgravity, J. Gravitational Physiol., 2004, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 5.
Stolbkov, Yu.K., Tomilovskaya, E.S., Kozlovskaya, I.B., and Gerasimenko, Yu.P., Galvanic vestibular stimulation in physiological and clinical studies in recent years, Usp. Fiziol. Nauk, 2014, vol. 45, no. 2, p. 57.
Kornilova, L.N., Alekhina, M.I., Sagalovich, S.V., and Kozlovskaya, I.B., RF Patent 2307575, 2007.
Clarke, A.H., Teiwes, W., and Scherer, H., Evaluation of the torsional VOR in weightlessness, J. Vestibular Res., 1993, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 207.
Clarke, A.H. and Kornilova, L., Ocular torsion response to active headroll movement under one-g and zero-g conditions, J. Vestibular Res., 2007, vol. 17, nos. 2–3, p. 99.
Kornilova, L.N., Sagalovich, S.V., Temnikova, V.V., and Yakushev, A.G., Static and dynamic vestibule-cervico-ocular responses after prolonged exposure to weightlessness, J. Vestibular Res., 2007, vol. 17, nos. 5–6, p. 217.
Kornilova, L.N., Naumov, I.A., and Makarova, S.M., Static torsional otolith-cervical-ocular reflex after prolonged exposure to weightlessness and 7-day immersion, Acta Austronautica, 2011, vol. 68, no. 9, p. 1462.
Gauthier, G., Vercher, J., Mussa-Ivaldi, F., and Marchetti, E., Oculo-manual tracking of visual targets: control learning, coordination control and coordination model, Exp. Brain Res., 1988, vol. 73, no. 1, p. 127.
Abrams, R., Meyer, D., and Kornblum, S., Eye-hand coordination: oculomotor control in rapid aimed limb movements, J. Exp. Psychol.: Hum. Percept. Perform., 1990, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 248.
Vercher, J. and Gauthier, G., Oculo-manual coordination control: ocular and manual tracking of visual targets with delayed visual feedback of the hand motion, Exp. Brain Res., 1992, vol. 90, no. 3, p. 599.
Vercher, J.L., Quaccia, D., and Gauthier, G.M., Oculo-manual coordination control: respective role of visual and non-visual information in ocular tracking of self-moved targets, Exp. Brain Res., 1995, vol. 103, no. 2, p. 311.
Barnes, G.R. and Marsden, J., Anticipatory control of hand and eye movements in humans during oculomanual tracking, J. Physiol., 2002, vol. 539, no. 1, p. 317.
Sailer, U., Flanagan, J.R., and Johansson, R.S., Eyehand coordination during learning of a novel visuomotor task, J. Neurosci., 2005, vol. 25, no. 39, p. 8833.
Barmin, V.A., Kreidich, Yu.V., and Kozlovskaya, I.B., Influence of optokinetic stimulation and immersion on eye-head coordination in man, Physiologist, 1983, vol. 26, no. 6, p. 83.
Cohen, B., Henn, V., Raphan, T., and Dennett, D., Velocity storage, nystagmus, and visual-vestibular interactions in humans, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1981, vol. 374, p. 421.
Dix, M. and Hood, J., Vertigo, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1987.
Brandt, T., Vertigo. Its Multisensory Syndromes, London: Springer, 2000, ed. 2.
Oosterveld, W.J., Current diagnostic techniques in vestibular disorders, Acta Otolaringol., 1991, vol. 479, p. 29.
Guedry, F.E., Davenport, K.S., Brewton, C.B., and Turnspeed, G.T., The pendular eye tracking test under two background viewing conditions, in Journal of Naval Aeroscopic Medical Research Laboratory, Pensacola, Fla., 1979.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © L.N. Kornilova, D.O. Glukhikh, I.A. Naumov, E.V. Habarova, G.A. Ekimovskiy, A.S. Pavlova, I.B. Kozlovskaya, 2016, published in Fiziologiya Cheloveka, 2016, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 49–62.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kornilova, L.N., Glukhikh, D.O., Naumov, I.A. et al. Effect of optokinetic stimulation on visual–manual tracking under the conditions of support-proprioceptive deprivation. Hum Physiol 42, 508–519 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0362119716040071
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0362119716040071