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Astrocyte Activation Markers

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Abstract

Astrocytes are the most common type of glial cells that provide homeostasis and protection of the central nervous system. Important specific characteristic of astrocytes is manifestation of morphological heterogeneity, which is directly dependent on localization in a particular area of the brain. Astrocytes can integrate into neural networks and keep neurons active in various areas of the brain. Moreover, astrocytes express a variety of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters, which underlie their peculiar metabolic activity, and, hence, determine plasticity of the central nervous system during development and aging. Such complex structural and functional organization of astrocytes requires the use of modern methods for their identification and analysis. Considering the important fact that determining the most appropriate marker for polymorphic and multiple subgroups of astrocytes is of decisive importance for studying their multifunctionality, this review presents markers, modern imaging techniques, and identification of astrocytes, which comprise a valuable resource for studying structural and functional properties of astrocytes, as well as facilitate better understanding of the extent to which astrocytes contribute to neuronal activity.

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Abbreviations

AQP4:

aquaporin 4

CaM:

calmodulin

ChR2:

channelrhodopsin-2

Cx:

connexin

EGFP:

enhanced green fluorescent protein

GFP:

green fluorescent protein

GFAP:

glial fibrillar acidic protein

GS:

glutamine synthetase

NDRG2 :

N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2

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Funding

The study was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 20-65-46004).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 194091, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Yana V. Gorina, Alla B. Salmina, Alexander I Erofeev, Evgeniy I. Gerasimov, Anastasia V. Bolshakova, Pavel M. Balaban, Ilya B. Bezprozvanny & Olga L. Vlasova

  2. Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

    Yana V. Gorina & Alla B. Salmina

  3. Laboratory of Neurobiology and Tissue Engineering, Brain Institute, Research Center of Neurology, 105064, Moscow, Russia

    Alla B. Salmina

  4. Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology of Learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity, 117485, Moscow, Russia

    Pavel M. Balaban

  5. Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390, Dallas, USA

    Ilya B. Bezprozvanny

Authors
  1. Yana V. Gorina
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  2. Alla B. Salmina
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  3. Alexander I Erofeev
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  4. Evgeniy I. Gerasimov
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  5. Anastasia V. Bolshakova
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  6. Pavel M. Balaban
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  7. Ilya B. Bezprozvanny
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  8. Olga L. Vlasova
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Contributions

Concept (Alla B. Salmina, Olga L. Vlasova), writing the text (Yana V. Gorina), designing drawings (Evgeniy I. Gerasimov), editing the manuscript (Alexander I. Erofeev, Anastasia V. Bolshakova), critical revision for intellectual content (Pavel M. Balaban, Ilya B. Bezprozvanny), approval of the final version of the article for publication (Alla B. Salmina, Olga L. Vlasova).

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yana V. Gorina.

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The authors declare no conflicts of interest in financial or any other sphere. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Gorina, Y.V., Salmina, A.B., Erofeev, A. . et al. Astrocyte Activation Markers. Biochemistry Moscow 87, 851–870 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297922090012

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297922090012

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