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Toll-like receptors and their adapter molecules

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Abstract

Toll-like receptors (TLR) are among key receptors of the innate mammalian immune system. Receptors of this family are able to recognize specific highly conserved molecular regions (patterns) in pathogen structures, thus initiating reactions of both innate and acquired immune response finally resulting in the elimination of the pathogen. In this case every individual TLR type is able to bind a broad spectrum of molecules of microbial origin characterized by different chemical properties and structures. Recent data demonstrate the existence of a multistep mechanism of the TLR recognition of the pathogen in which, in addition to receptors proper, the involvement of different adapter molecules is necessary. However, functions of separate adapter molecules as well as the principles of formation of a multicomponent system of ligand-specific recognition are still not quite understandable. We describe all identified as well as possible (candidate) adapter TLR molecules by giving their brief characteristics, and we also propose generalized possible variants of the TLR ligand-specific recognition with involvement of adapter molecules.

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Abbreviations

AP-1:

activator protein 1

CCR6:

chemokine receptor 6

DAMPs:

damage-associated molecular patterns

dsRNA:

double-stranded RNA

HDGF:

hepatoma-derived growth factor

HMGB1:

high mobility group protein 1

IFNα:

interferon α

IRF:

interferon regulatory transcription factor 1

LBP:

LPS-binding protein

LRR:

leucine rich repeats

LTA:

lipoteichoic acid

MBP:

mannose-binding protein

MyD88:

myeloid differentiation primary response gene (88)

NALP:

(NACHT-, LRR-, and PYD-containing proteins)

NF-κB:

nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

NK cells:

natural killer cells

PAMPs:

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

PGRP:

peptidoglycan-recognizing protein

PRRs:

pattern-recognizing receptors

RAGE:

renal cell carcinoma antigen

RP105:

radioprotective protein with molecular mass 105 kDa

SP-A:

surfactant-associated protein A

SP-D:

surfactant-associated protein D

TIR:

Toll/interleukin-1 receptor homology domain

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TNFα:

tumor necrosis factor α

TNP:

Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein

TRAM:

TRIF-related adaptor molecule

TRIF:

TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β

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  1. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, ul. Gamaleya 18, 123098, Moscow, Russia

    A. I. Tukhvatulin, D. Yu. Logunov, D. N. Shcherbinin, M. M. Shmarov, B. S. Naroditsky & A. L. Gintsburg

  2. Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York, 14263, USA

    A. V. Gudkov

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Original Russian Text © A. I. Tukhvatulin, D. Yu. Logunov, D. N. Shcherbinin, M. M. Shmarov, B. S. Naroditsky, A. V. Gudkov, A. L. Gintsburg, 2010, published in Biokhimiya, 2010, Vol. 75, No. 9, pp. 1224–1243.

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Tukhvatulin, A.I., Logunov, D.Y., Shcherbinin, D.N. et al. Toll-like receptors and their adapter molecules. Biochemistry Moscow 75, 1098–1114 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297910090038

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