Figure 1

Sketch of an evaporating liquid drop on a solid substrate, with a magnification of the three-phase contact line.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 2

Asymptotic temperature distributions near the contact line of an evaporating drop with ${\theta }_c=\pi /8$ (not to scale). Arrows indicate direction of increasing temperature. (a) Isotherms for $k_R=10$. The heat flux is approximately normal to the substrate. (b) Isotherms for $k_R=1$. The heat flux has a large component tangential to the substrate.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 3

Experimental observations and numerical calculations of the circulation direction inside evaporating drops. The solid black line is Eq. (6). Regions above and below the line correspond to circulation directions sketched in the respective streamlines (insets), obtained from the asymptotic corner flow solution [25]. Open symbols: observed direction of circulation consistent with temperature decreasing with distance from the contact line. Filled symbols: reverse circulation observed, consistent with temperature increasing with distance from the contact line. Triangles: numerical calculations by Hu and Larson for water on glass [14]. Squares: experimental observations for various liquids on PDMS. From top to bottom: chloroform, isopropanol, ethanol, and methanol. Error bars represent uncertainty in thermal conductivity measurements and the dynamic contact angle during evaporation.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 4

(a) Qualitative depiction of the streamlines observed inside evaporating droplets on PDMS. Arrows indicate the direction of circulation for different liquids: upward for isopropanol and chloroform, downward for methanol and ethanol. (b)–(d) Particle deposition patterns resulting from different evaporating fluids on PDMS. In each case, a high concentration of particles deposited in a central part of the pattern near the stagnation points of the Marangoni flow. (b) Methanol. (c) Ethanol. (d) Isopropanol. Scale bar is 0.2 mm.Reuse & Permissions