Figure 1

(Color online) (a) BZ of Gd metal with high-symmetry points and directions in $k$ space; the wedge spanned by the dotted lines marks the irreducible part of the BZ. (b) Observed PE intensity from Gd metal in the PM phase at 300 K as a function of $\left(E-E_F\right)$ along the $\Gamma \text{M}$, MK, and $\Gamma \text{K}$ high-symmetry directions $\left(k_z=5.24{\text{Å}}^{-1},h\nu =105–110\text{eV}\right)$; (c) same in the FM phase at 50 K. Lines serve as a guide to the eyes and highlight the dispersions of band 2 (thick) and band 3 (thin); band crossings with $E_F$ are numbered. In the FM phase, the bands are exchange split in majority (solid) and minority (dashed) states.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 2

(Color online) Fermi contours of Gd metal in the PM phase at 300 K: (a) in the $\Gamma \text{MK}$ plane, i.e., parallel to the sample surface, measured at photon energies from 105 eV at $\Gamma$ to 110 eV at M. Band 3 forms a $\Gamma$-centered ring (hole pocket). In $\Gamma \text{K}$ direction, high PE intensity is observed, when band 2 comes close to $E_F$. (b) The cut perpendicular to the sample surface in the $\Gamma \text{ALM}$ plane reveals a ring-shaped feature that disperses toward the zone boundary with varying diameter; the line on the left follows the dispersion as a guide to the eyes (photon energies from 85 eV at A to 110 eV at M).Reuse & Permissions

Figure 3

(Color online). Fermi contours of Gd metal in the FM phase at 50 K: (a) in the $\Gamma \text{MK}$ plane; (b) in the $\Gamma \text{LM}$ plane. Magnetic exchange splitting causes the electronic states to separate, which induces significant changes of the FS. The lines follow the Fermi contours and serve as a guide to the eyes.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 4

(Color online). Fermi surface of Gd metal, covering a complete BZ: (a) PM phase, where band 3 forms a central pillarlike structure; (b) FM phase, where minority and majority Fermi-surface sheets are separated due to exchange splitting. Dashed lines indicate the dispersion of the Fermi contours according to Figs. 3a, 3b in the region close to the MKHL zone boundary, where PE intensities of the Fermi contours are too weak to be seen in the three-dimensional plots.Reuse & Permissions