Figure 1

(Color online) Schematics of $H\text{−}T$ phase diagrams as well as the $M\text{−}H$ and $M\text{−}T$ curves after cooling in different fields for the case with AFM ground state. (a) $H\text{−}T$ diagram with the anti-correlated bands showing only three regions (viz., x, y, z) out of the N regions represented by the quasi-continuous ($H^{*}$, $T^{*}$) band. The corresponding 3-regions and the dividing lines in the ($H_K$, $T_K$) band appear in reverse order because of anti-correlation. For the first measurement protocol, after FC in different $H$ to $T_O$ following paths 1–3 the $H$ is isothermally reduced to zero and the FM state transforms to AFM state by de-arrest. The fields for onset of de-arrest during the isothermal decrease in $H$ (at $T_O$) are shown by horizontal arrows for the respective $H$. The variation in $M$ resulting from this isothermal decrease in $H$ is sketched in (b). Steep decrease in M starting at progressively higher $H$ is due to de-arrest for the respective FC paths starting at higher $H$, as depicted by horizontal arrows in (a). (c) Depicts the next measurement protocol, after FC along paths 1–3 of (a) the $H$ is isothermally lowered to that of $H_m$, the $M$ is measured while increasing the $T$ from $T_O$. The abrupt change in the slope of $M$ occurring at progressively higher $T$ for the FC paths of lower $H$ indicates the increase in the $T$ at which de-arrest begins.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 2

(Color online) (a)–(c) are the counterparts of Figs. 1a, 1b, 1c, respectively, for the case of AFM ground state when the bands are correlated. It is very clear that $M\text{−}H$ and $M\text{−}T$ behavior for the correlated bands shown in (b) and (c) are very distinct from that of the anti-correlated bands shown in Figs. 1b, 1c.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 3

(Color online) Schematics of $H\text{−}T$ phase diagrams as well as the corresponding $M\text{−}H$ and $M\text{−}T$ curves after cooling in different fields for the case with FM ground state. (a) $H\text{−}T$ diagram with the anti-correlated bands showing only three regions (viz., x, y, z) out of the N regions represented by the quasi-continuous ($H^{*}$, $T^{*}$) band are shown. The corresponding 3-regions and the dividing lines in the ($H_K$, $T_K$) band appear in reverse order because of anti-correlation. For the first measurement protocol, after FC in different $H$ to $T_O$ following paths 1–4 (1 being ZFC path), $H$ is raised isothermally, and the AFM state transforms to FM state by de-arrest. The fields for onset of de-arrest during the isothermal increase in $H$ (at $T_O$) are shown by horizontal arrows for the respective $H$. The variation in $M$ resulting from this isothermal increase in $H$ is sketched in (b). Steep increase in $M$ starting at progressively higher $H$ is due to de-arrest for the respective FC paths starting at higher $H$, as depicted by horizontal arrows in (a). (c) Depicts the next measurement protocol, after FC along paths 1–3 of (a) the $H$ is isothermally raised to that of the path 4 $\left(H_4\right)$, the $M$ is measured while increasing the $T$ from $T_O$. The resulting $M\text{−}T$ showing the abrupt change in the slope of $M$ occurring at progressively higher $T$ indicates the increase in the $T$ at which de-arrest begins (during heating) at $H_4$, for the respective FC paths.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 4

(Color online) (a) Shows the $M\text{−}H$ of $\mathrm{Ce}{(\mathrm{Fe},2\%\mathrm{Os})}_2$ after cooling in 70, 30, and $10\mathrm{kOe}$ to 2, 4, and $20\mathrm{K}$ then reducing the field to zero. The vertical arrows show the merger of $70\mathrm{kOe}$ curve with that of $30\mathrm{kOe}$ and of $10\mathrm{kOe}$ curve with the rest and gives the $H$ values for the respective merger. (b) Shows the $M\text{−}T$ after FC in different $H$ to $2\mathrm{K}$ where $H$ is isothermally reduced to the measuring fields (1, 4, and $8\mathrm{kOe}$).Reuse & Permissions

Figure 5

(Color online) The $M\text{−}H$ and $M\text{−}T$ behavior for the case with FM ground state. (a) Shows the experimental $M\text{−}H$ of LPCMO after FC in different $H$ to $5\mathrm{K}$ and then increasing the $H$. (b) Shows the measured $M\text{−}T$ on LPCMO after FC in different $H$ including ZFC to $5\mathrm{K}$, raising $H$ to $10\mathrm{kOe}$ at $5\mathrm{K}$ and then increasing the $T$.Reuse & Permissions