The peopling of South America and the trans-Andean gene flow of the first settlers

  1. Antonio Salas1,2,8
  1. 1Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Galicia, Spain;
  2. 2GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Galicia, Spain;
  3. 3Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Galicia, Spain;
  4. 4Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, 27110 Pavia, Italy;
  5. 5Applied Genetics Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA;
  6. 6Office of the Chief Scientist, Defense Forensic Science Center, Ft. Gillem, Georgia 30297, USA;
  7. 7Analytical Services, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA

  1. ↵8 These authors contributed equally to this work.

  • Corresponding author: antonio.salas{at}usc.es

    • Abstract

    Genetic and archaeological data indicate that the initial Paleoindian settlers of South America followed two entry routes separated by the Andes and the Amazon rainforest. The interactions between these paths and their impact on the peopling of South America remain unclear. Analysis of genetic variation in the Peruvian Andes and regions located south of the Amazon River might provide clues on this issue. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA variation at different Andean locations and >360,000 autosomal SNPs from 28 Native American ethnic groups to evaluate different trans-Andean demographic scenarios. Our data reveal that the Peruvian Altiplano was an important enclave for early Paleoindian expansions and point to a genetic continuity in the Andes until recent times, which was only marginally affected by gene flow from the Amazonian lowlands. Genomic variation shows a good fit with the archaeological evidence, indicating that the genetic interactions between the descendants of the settlers that followed the Pacific and Atlantic routes were extremely limited.

    Footnotes

    • Received January 14, 2018.
    • Accepted April 27, 2018.

    This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the first six months after the full-issue publication date (see http://genome.cshlp.org/site/misc/terms.xhtml). After six months, it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International), as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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    1. Published in Advance May 7, 2018, doi: 10.1101/gr.234674.118 Genome Res. 28: 767-779 © 2018 Gómez-Carballa et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

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