The β-globin locus control region (LCR) functions primarily by enhancing the transition from transcription initiation to elongation

Abstract

To investigate the molecular basis of β-globin gene activation, we analyzed factor recruitment and histone modification at the adult β-globin gene in wild-type (WT)/locus control region knockout (ΔLCR) heterozygous mice and in murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. Although histone acetylation and methylation (Lys 4) are high before and after MEL differentiation, recruitment of the erythroid-specific activator NF-E2 to the promoter and preinitiation complex (PIC) assembly occur only after differentiation. We reported previously that targeted deletion of the LCR reduces β-globin gene expression to 1%–4% of WT without affecting promoter histone acetylation. Here, we report that NF-E2 is recruited equally efficiently to the adult β-globinpromoters of the ΔLCR and WT alleles. Moreover, the LCR deletion reduces PIC assembly only twofold, but has a dramatic effect on Ser 5 phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II and transcriptional elongation. Our results suggest at least three distinct stages in β-globin gene activation: (1) an LCR-independent chromatin opening stage prior to NF-E2 recruitment to the promoter and PIC assembly; (2) an intermediate stage in which NF-E2 binding (LCR-independent) and PIC assembly (partially LCR-dependent) occur; and (3) an LCR-dependent fully active stage characterized by efficient pol II elongation. Thus, in its native location the LCR functions primarily downstream of activator recruitment and PIC assembly.

Keywords

• Allele-specific chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis
• locus control region
• β-globin locus
• transcription elongation
• NF-E2
• CTD-phosphorylation