Unconventional Functions for Clathrin, ESCRTs, and Other Endocytic Regulators in the Cytoskeleton, Cell Cycle, Nucleus, and Beyond: Links to Human Disease
- 1Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Microbiology and Immunology, The G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0552
- 2Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1095
- 3Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
- Correspondence: t.ohalloran{at}mail.utexas.edu
Abstract
The roles of clathrin, its regulators, and the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) proteins are well defined in endocytosis. These proteins can also participate in intracellular pathways that are independent of endocytosis and even independent of the membrane trafficking function of these proteins. These nonendocytic functions involve unconventional biochemical interactions for some endocytic regulators, but can also exploit known interactions for nonendocytic functions. The molecular basis for the involvement of endocytic regulators in unconventional functions that influence the cytoskeleton, cell cycle, signaling, and gene regulation are described here. Through these additional functions, endocytic regulators participate in pathways that affect infection, glucose metabolism, development, and cellular transformation, expanding their significance in human health and disease.
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