Class II Malocclusions: Diagnostic and Clinical Considerations With and Without Treatment
Section snippets
Incidence of Class II Malocclusions
Ast and coworkers1 examined 1413 high school students aged 15 to 18 years from upstate New York and found that 23.8% had Class II malocclusions, while 69.9% had Class I malocclusions. This relative frequency, which is approximately 1:3, was similar to that reported by Goldstein and Stanton2 for white American children aged 2 through 12 years, and by Massler and Frankel3 for children aged 14 through 18 years. On the other hand, in a group of American blacks studied by Altemus4 the ratio of Class
General concepts
Growth of the skeletal craniofacial complex involves an increase in the absolute size of the various bones as well as changes in their position and form.
The maxillary complex is usually displaced in a downward and forward direction.38 Bone is deposited on the posterior surface of the maxillary tuberosity, adding to the length of the dental arch as well as the anteroposterior dimension of the maxilla to accommodate for the eruption of the posterior teeth. As the maxilla moves downward and
Conclusions
Angle classification is a useful means of identifying Class II malocclusions, but it oversimplifies the description of a complex pattern of skeletal, dental, and profile relationships that are present.
A Class II malocclusion may be accompanied by an anteroposterior skeletal discrepancy between the maxilla and mandible, often with mandibular retrusion, however the maxilla may also be protrusive. These relationships are superimposed on an equally broad variation in the vertical facial pattern
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Cited by (68)
Treatment of Class II Malocclusion in the Growing Patient: Early or Late?
2023, Seminars in OrthodonticsEffects of the Forsus fatigue-resistant device and mandibular anterior repositioning appliance in Class II malocclusion treatment
2022, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial OrthopedicsCitation Excerpt :As the overjet was eliminated, it experienced some retrusion. Retrusion of the lower lip in the control group was probably because of the normal developmental process.58 Limitations of this study were the retrospective study design, which might have generated some selection bias, and the lack of the same center control group.
Factors influencing the orthodontic treatment plan in Class II malocclusion
2022, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial OrthopedicsEffects of maxillary incisor inclination on dentoalveolar changes in class II division 1 and 2 non-extraction treatment for Caucasian children – A retrospective study using CBCT
2021, International OrthodonticsCitation Excerpt :The noticeable dental and facial features of Class II malocclusion often negatively impact psychosocial development on young individuals [4]. The labiolingual inclination of maxillary incisors plays a crucial role in the facial appearance of Class II malocclusion [5]. Retroclined incisors are perceived to be less attractive and give an aged appearance [6], while excessively proclined teeth are perceived to be equally less attractive [7].