Research Letter

Infliximab and Tofacitinib Attenuate Neutralizing Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Ancestral and Omicron Variants in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients After 3 Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine

Conflicts of interest These authors disclose the following: James L. Alexander reports sponsorship from Vifor Pharma for accommodation and travel to the British Society of Gastroenterology annual meeting 2019, outside the submitted work. Nicholas A. Kennedy reports grants from AbbVie, Biogen, Celgene, Celltrion, Galapagos, MSD, Napp, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos, Roche, and Takeda; consulting fees from Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Falk, Janssen, Mylan, Pharmacosmos, Galapagos, Takeda, and Tillotts; personal fees from Allergan, Celltrion, Falk, Ferring, Janssen, Pharmacosmos, Takeda, Tillotts, and Galapagos; and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, Falk, and Janssen, outside the submitted work. Anna Barnes has received travel expense support from Janssen. Shaji Sebastian reports grants from Takeda, AbbVie, Tillotts Pharma, Janssen, Pfizer, and Biogen and personal fees from Takeda, AbbVie, Janssen, Pharmacocosmos, Biogen, Pfizer, Tillotts Pharma, and Falk Pharma, outside the submitted work. Ailsa L. Hart reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AbbVie, AZ, Atlantic, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Falk, Galapogos, Janssen, MSD, Napp Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos, Shire, and Takeda; participation on the Global Steering Committee for Genentech; support for attending meetings from AbbVie, Takeda, and Janssen; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for AbbVie, AZ, Atlantic, Bristol Myers Squibb, Galapogos, Janssen, Pfizer, and Takeda. Peter M. Irving reports grants from Celltrion, Takeda, MSD, Pfizer, and Galapagos and personal fees from Celltrion, Takeda, Pfizer, Galapagos, Gilead, AbbVie, Janssen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lilly, and Arena, outside the submitted work. Miles Parkes receives unrestricted educational grants from Pfizer for genetic analyses to support the IBD BioResource and speaker fees from Janssen. Gareth R. Jones has received grants from the Wellcome Trust and ECCO; speaker fees from Takeda, Ferring, and Janssen; and support for attending meetings or travel from Ferring. Klaartje Kok reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Janssen and Ferring; support for attending meetings or travel from Janssen and Takeda; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Janssen and PredictImmune. Kamal V. Patel reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AbbVie, Dr Falk, Janssen, PredictImmune, and Takeda; support for attending meetings or travel from AbbVie, Ferring, Janssen, and Tillotts; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for AbbVie, Galapagos, and Janssen. Alexandra J. Kent reports consulting fees from Janssen; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Pfizer and Takeda; support for attending meetings or travel from Janssen, Tillotts, and Norgine; and participation in a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for AbbVie. Lucy C. Hicks reports support for attending meetings or travel from AbbVie. Charlie W. Lees reports a Future Leaders Fellow award from UK Research and Innovation; personal consulting fees from Galapagos, AbbVie, Takeda, Pfizer, Janssen, and Iterative Scopes; institutional consulting fees from Trellus Health; personal fees from Galapagos, AbbVie, Takeda, Pfizer, Janssen, GSK, Gilead, Fresenius Kabi, Ferring, and Dr Falk; and support for attending meetings from Galapagos, AbbVie, Takeda, Pfizer, Janssen, GSK, Gilead, Fresenius Kabi, Ferring, and Dr Falk. Rosemary J. Boyton and Daniel M. Altmann are members of the Global T Cell Expert Consortium and have consulted for Oxford Immunotec outside the submitted work. James R. Goodhand reports grants from F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Biogen, Celltrion Healthcare, and Galapagos and nonfinancial support from Immundiagnostik during the study. Tariq Ahmad reports grant funding from Pfizer to his institution to deliver this study; grants from Celltrion, Roche, Takeda, Biogen, and Galapagos; and honoraria for lectures from Takeda and Roche, outside the submitted work. Katrina M. Pollock is the chief, principal, or coinvestigator for vaccine clinical trials and experimental medicine studies (NCT05007275, NCT04753892, EudraCT 2020-001646-20, NCT04400838, NCT04324606, EudraCT 2017-004610-26, NCT03970993, NCT03816137); is a member of the data safety monitoring board for NCT05249829; has received a fee for speaking from Seqirus and Sanofi Pasteur; and has research funding from the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, the Medical Research Council (MRC) from the United Kingdom Research Innovation (UKRI), the Vaccine Task Force, and National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Center (BRC) outside the submitted work. Nick Powell is the principal investigator on the research grant from Pfizer that funded the VIP study; has received research grants from Bristol Myers Squibb outside the submitted work; reports personal fees from Takeda, Janssen, Pfizer, Galapagos, Bristol Myers Squibb, AbbVie, Roche, Lilly, Allergan, and Celgene, and AstraZeneca outside the submitted work; and has served as a speaker or advisory board member for AbbVie, Allergan, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Falk, Ferring, Janssen, Pfizer, Tillotts, Takeda, and Vifor Pharma. The remaining authors disclose no conflicts.

Funding Pfizer Ltd provided financial support for the VIP study as an independent research grant. The funder of the study had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. This research was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centres in Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Cambridge (BRC-1215–20014) and the NIHR Clinical Research Facility Cambridge. The NIHR IBD BioResource supported recruitment to this study. The NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility that supported this project is a partnership between the University of Exeter Medical School College of Medicine and Health and Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. James L. Alexander is a recipient of an NIHR Academic Clinical Lectureship (CL-2019–21–502), funded by Imperial College London and The Joyce and Norman Freed Charitable Trust. Gareth R. Jones is supported by a Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Career Development Fellowship (220725/Z/20/Z). Rosemary J. Boyton and Daniel M. Altmann are supported by UK Research and Innovation (MR/S019553/1, MR/R02622X/1, MR/V036939/1, and MR/W020610/1), the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre Institute of Translational Medicine & Therapeutics, the Cystic Fibrosis Trust Strategic Research Centre (2019SRC015), NIHR Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Fast Track (NIHR134607), NIHR Long Covid (COV-LT2–0027), Innovate UK (SBRI 10008614), and Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network European Training Network (number 860325).

Author names in bold designate shared co-first authorship.

Authors share co-first authorship