Issue 5, 2022

Deep imaging flow cytometry

Abstract

Imaging flow cytometry (IFC) has become a powerful tool for diverse biomedical applications by virtue of its ability to image single cells in a high-throughput manner. However, there remains a challenge posed by the fundamental trade-off between throughput, sensitivity, and spatial resolution. Here we present deep-learning-enhanced imaging flow cytometry (dIFC) that circumvents this trade-off by implementing an image restoration algorithm on a virtual-freezing fluorescence imaging (VIFFI) flow cytometry platform, enabling higher throughput without sacrificing sensitivity and spatial resolution. A key component of dIFC is a high-resolution (HR) image generator that synthesizes “virtual” HR images from the corresponding low-resolution (LR) images acquired with a low-magnification lens (10×/0.4-NA). For IFC, a low-magnification lens is favorable because of reduced image blur of cells flowing at a higher speed, which allows higher throughput. We trained and developed the HR image generator with an architecture containing two generative adversarial networks (GANs). Furthermore, we developed dIFC as a method by combining the trained generator and IFC. We characterized dIFC using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell images, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) images of Jurkat cells, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) cell images, showing high similarities of dIFC images to images obtained with a high-magnification lens (40×/0.95-NA), at a high flow speed of 2 m s−1. We lastly employed dIFC to show enhancements in the accuracy of FISH-spot counting and neck-width measurement of budding yeast cells. These results pave the way for statistical analysis of cells with high-dimensional spatial information.

Graphical abstract: Deep imaging flow cytometry

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
18 Nov 2021
Accepted
25 Jan 2022
First published
04 Feb 2022

Lab Chip, 2022,22, 876-889

Deep imaging flow cytometry

K. Huang, H. Matsumura, Y. Zhao, M. Herbig, D. Yuan, Y. Mineharu, J. Harmon, J. Findinier, M. Yamagishi, S. Ohnuki, N. Nitta, A. R. Grossman, Y. Ohya, H. Mikami, A. Isozaki and K. Goda, Lab Chip, 2022, 22, 876 DOI: 10.1039/D1LC01043C

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