* Corresponding authors

^a Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
E-mail: tsapatsis@jhu.edu

^b Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA

^c Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA

^d Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
E-mail: howardf@jhu.edu

^e Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA

^f Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723, USA