Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with climate change

  • Perspective
  • Published:
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The health of freshwater and marine ecosystems is critical to life on Earth. The impact of solar UV-B radiation is one potential stress factor that can have a negative impact on the health of certain species within these ecosystems. Although there is a paucity of data and information regarding the effect of UV-B radiation on total ecosystem structure and function, several recent studies have addressed the effects on various species within each trophic level. Climate change, acid deposition, and changes in other anthropogenic stressors such as pollutants alter UV exposure levels in inland and coastal marine waters. These factors potentially have important consequences for a variety of aquatic organisms including waterborne human pathogens. Recent results have demonstrated the negative impacts of exposure to UV-B radiation on primary producers, including effects on cyanobacteria, phytoplankton, macroalgae and aquatic plants. UV-B radiation is an environmental stressor for many aquatic consumers, including Zooplankton, crustaceans, amphibians, fish, and corals. Many aquatic producers and consumers rely on avoidance strategies, repair mechanisms and the synthesis of UV-absorbing substances for protection. However, there has been relatively little information generated regarding the impact of solar UV-B radiation on species composition within natural ecosystems or on the interaction of organisms between trophic levels within those ecosystems. There remains the question as to whether a decrease in population size of the more sensitive primary producers would be compensated for by an increase in the population size of more tolerant species, and therefore whether there would be a net negative impact on the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide by these ecosystems. Another question is whether there would be a significant impact on the quantity and quality of nutrients cycling through the food web, including the generation of food proteins for humans. Interactive effects of UV radiation with changes in other stressors, including climate change and pollutants, are likely to be particularly important.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. D.-P. Häder, H. D. Kumar, R. C. Smith and R. C. Worrest, Effects of solar UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with climate change, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2007, 6, 267–285.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. M. Klisch and D.-P. Häder, Mycosporine-like amino acids and marine toxins - the common and the different, Mar. Drugs, 2008, 6, 147–163.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. J. W. Blunt, B. R. Copp, W. P. Hu, M. H. G. Munro, P. T. Northcote and M. R. Prinsep, Marine natural products, Nat. Prod. Rep., 2007, 24, 31–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. M. D. Lebar, J. L. Heimbegner and B. J. Baker, Cold-water marine natural products, Nat. Prod. Rep., 2007, 24, 774–797.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. E. Fattorusso and O. Taglialatela-Scafati, Marine antimalarials, Mar. Drugs, 2009, 7, 130–152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Y. Usami, Recent synthetic studies leading to structural revisions of marine natural products, Mar. Drugs, 2009, 7, 314–330.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. C. Olano, C. Méndez and J. A. Salas, Antitumor compounds from marine actinomycetes, Mar. Drugs, 2009, 7, 210–248.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Y. Zhang, J. Mu, X. Gu, C. Zhao, X. Wang and Z. Xie, A marine sulfate-reducing bacterium producing multiple antibiotics: biological and chemical investigation, Mar. Drugs, 2009, 7, 341–354.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. J. C. Kwan, K. Taori, V. J. Paul and H. Luesch, Lyngbyastatins 8-10, elastase inhibitors with cyclic depsipeptide scaffolds isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya semiplena, Mar. Drugs, 2009, 7, 528–538.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. V. Smyrniotopoulos, C. Vagias and V. Roussis, Sphaeroane and neodolabellane diterpenes from the red alga Sphaerococcus coronopifolius, Mar. Drugs, 2009, 7, 184–195.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. A. D. Wright, J. L. Nielson, D. M. Tapiolas, C. A. Motti, S. P. B. Ovenden, P. S. Kearns and C. H. Liptrot, Detailed NMR, including 1, 1-ADEQUATE, and anticancer studies of compounds from the echinoderm Colobometra perspinosa, Mar. Drugs, 2009, 7, 565–575.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. U. Karsten, Defense strategies of algae and cyanobacteria against solar ultraviolet radiation, in Algal Chemical Ecology, ed. C. D. Amsler, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2008, pp. 273–296.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  13. J. W. Harrison and R. E. H. Smith, Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the productivity and composition of freshwater phytoplankton communities, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2009, 8, 1218–1232.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. A. L. Andrady, P. J. Aucamp, A. F. Bais, C. L. Ballaré, L. O. Bjorn, J. F. Bornman, M. M. Caldwell, A. P. Cullen, F. R. de Gruijl, D. J. Erickson III, S. D. Flint, D.-P. Häder, H. S. Hamid, M. Ilyas, G. Kulandaivelu, H. D. Kumar, R. L. McKenzie, J. Longstreth, R. M. Lucas, F. P. Noonan, M. Norval, N. D. Paul, R. C. Smith, K. R. Soloman, B. Sulzberger, Y. Takizawa, X. Tang, A. Torikai, J. C. van der Leun, S. R. Wilson, R. C. Worrest and R. G. Zepp, Environmental effects of ozone depletion: 2006 assessment: interactions of ozone depletion and climate change. Executive summary, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2007, 6, 212–217.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. NASA, Science Focus: Dead Zones, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/oceancolor/additional/science-focus/ocean-color/dead_zones.shtml, accessed 11 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  16. D. Despommier, The rise of vertical farms, Sci. Am., 2009, 301, 80–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Takahashi and T. Ohnishi, Molecular mechanisms involved in adaptive responses to radiation, UV light, and heat, J. Radiat. Res., 2009, 50, 385–393.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. L. A. Hansson and S. Hylander, Effects of ultraviolet radiation on pigmentation, photoenzymatic repair, behavior, and community ecology of Zooplankton, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2009, 8, 1266–1275.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. S. Langenheder, S. Sobek and L. J. Tranvik, Changes in bacterial community composition along a solar radiation gradient in humic waters, Aquat. Sci., 2006, 68, 415–424.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. United Nations Environment Programme, Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2009, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2010, 9, 275–294.

    Google Scholar 

  21. D.-P. Hâder, M. Lebert, M. Schuster, L. del Ciampo, E. W. Helbling and R. McKenzie, ELDONET-a decade of monitoring solar radiation on five continents, Photochem. Photobiol, 2007, 83, 1348–1357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. R. C. Smith, C. D. Mobley and L. O. Björn, Underwater Light, in Photobiology. The Science of Life and Light. Second Edition, Springer, New York, 2007, pp. 131–138.

    Google Scholar 

  23. E. S. Boss, R. Collier, G. Larson, K. Fennel and W. S. Pegau, Measurements of spectral optical properties and their relation to biogeochemical variables and processes in Crater Lake, Crater Lake National Park, OR, Hydrobiologia, 2007, 574, 149–159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. R. Sommaruga and G. Augustin, Seasonality in UV transparency of an alpine lake is associated to changes in phytoplankton biomass, Aquat. Sci., 2006, 68, 129–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. L. Bracchini, A. M. Dattilo and V. Hull, The bio-optical properties of CDOM as descriptor of lake stratification, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 2006, 85, 145–149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. N. Hudson, A. Baker and D. Reynolds, Fluorescence analysis of dissolved organic matter in natural, waste and polluted waters - a review, River Res. Appl., 2007, 23, 631–649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. C. J. Hulatt, D. N. Thomas, D. G. Bowers, L. Norman and C. Zhang, Exudation and decomposition of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) from some temperate macroalgae, Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Sci., 2009, 84, 147–153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. A. L. Suhett, A. M. Amado, A. Enrich-Prast, F. de Assis Esteves and V. F. Farjalla, Seasonal changes of dissolved organic carbon photo-oxidation rates in a tropical humic lagoon: the role of rainfall as a major regulator, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 2007, 64, 1266–1272.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. K. Hayakawa and Y. Sugiyama, Spatial and seasonal variations in attenuation of solar ultraviolet radiation in Lake Biwa, Japan, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 2008, 90, 121–133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. R. G. Zepp, D. J. Erickson III, N. D. Paul and B. Sulzberger, Effects of solar UV radiation and climate change on biogeochemical cycling: interactions and feedbacks, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2011, 10, DOI: 10.1039/c0pp90037k.

  31. M. Tedetti, R. Sempere, A. Vasilkov, B. Charriere, D. Nerini, W. L. Miller, K. Kawamura and P. Raimbault, High penetration of ultraviolet radiation in the south east Pacific waters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2007, 34, L126101–126105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. K. C. Rose, C. E. Williamson, J. E. Saros, R. Sommaruga and J. M. Fischer, Differences in UV transparency and thermal structure between alpine and subalpine lakes: implications for organisms, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2009, 8, 1244–1256.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. B. R. Hargreaves, S. F. Girdner, M. W. Buktenica, R. W. Collier, E. Urbach and G. L. Larson, Ultraviolet radiation and bio-optics in Crater Lake, Oregon, Hydrobiologia, 2007, 574, 107–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. M. Tzortziou, C. L. Osburn and P. J. Neale, Photobleaching of dissolved organic material from a tidal marsh-estuarine system of the Chesapeake Bay, Photochem. Photobiol., 2007, 83, 782–792.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Y. Zhang, M. Liu, B. Qin and S. Feng, Photochemical degradation of chromophoric-dissolved organic matter exposed to simulated UV-B and natural solar radiation, Hydrobiologia, 2009, 627, 159–168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. S. Feng, Y. L. Zhang and B. Q. Qin, Photochemical degradation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu, China Environ. Sci., 2006, 26, 404–408.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. X. Wang, T. Lou and H. Xie, Photochemical production of dissolved inorganic carbon from Suwannee river humic acid, Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol, 2009, 27, 570–573.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. K. Anusha and T. Asaeda, Indirect mechanisms accelerated due to ultraviolet-B irradiation on nutrient cycling in a freshwater ecosystem, J. Photochem. Photobiol, B, 2008, 93, 1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. C. Piccini, D. Conde, J. Pernthaler and R. Sommaruga, Alteration of chromophoric dissolved organic matter by solar UV radiation causes rapid changes in bacterial community composition, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2009, 8, 1321–1328.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. M. B. Navarro, E. Balseiro and B. Modenutti, Effect of UVR on lake water and macrophyte leachates in shallow Andean-Patagonian lakes: bacterial response to changes in optical features, Photochem. Photobiol, 2009, 85, 332–340.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. A. M. Shiller, S. Duan, P. van Erp and T. S. Bianchi, Photo-oxidation of dissolved organic matter in river water and its effect on trace element speciation, Limnol. Oceanogr, 2006, 51, 1716–1728.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. M. Bastidas, Navarro and B. Modenutti, UVR induce optical changes and phosphorous release of lake water and macrophyte leachates in shallow Andean lakes, J. Limnol., 69, 1-8.

  43. Y. Zhang, B. Qin, G. Zhu, L. Zhang and L. Yang, Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption characteristics in relation to fluorescence in Lake Taihu, China, a large shallow subtropical lake, Hydrobiologia, 2007, 581, 43–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. M. L. Brooks and J. R. Lovvorn, urprising results of CDOM photooxidation in the Bering Sea: Implications for food webs, in Ocean Sciences Meeting, March 2-7, 2008, Orlando, Florida, Session #162.

    Google Scholar 

  45. A. L. Boreen, B. L. Edhlund, J. B. Cotner and K. McNeill, Indirect photodegradation of dissolved free amino acids: The contribution of singlet oxygen and the differential reactivity of DOM from various sources, Environ. Sci. Technol, 2008, 42, 5492–5498.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. IPCC, Summary for Policymakers, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H. L. Miller, (ed.)], IPCC Report No., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kngdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007, pp. 1–18, http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wgl/en/spm.html.

    Google Scholar 

  47. T. Jankowski, D. M. Livingstone, H. Buhrer, R. Forster and P. Niederhauser, Consequences of the 2003 European heat wave for lake temperature profiles, thermal stability, and hypolimnetic oxygen depletion: Implications for a warmer world, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2006, 51, 815–819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. S. E. G. Findlay, Increased carbon transport in the Hudson River: unexpected consequence of nitrogen deposition?, Front. Ecol. Environ., 2005, 3, 133–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. C. D. Evans, P. J. Chapman, J. M. Clark, D. T. Monteith and M. S. Cresser, Alternative explanations for rising dissolved organic carbon export from organic soils, Global Change Biol, 2006, 12, 2044–2053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. D. T. Monteith, J. L. Stoddard, C. D. Evans, H. A. de Wit, M. Forsius, T. Høgåsen, A. Wilander, B. L. Skjelkvåle, D. S. Jeffries, J. Vuorenmaa, B. Keller, J. Kopácek and J. Vesely, Dissolved organic carbon trends resulting from changes in atmospheric deposition chemistry, Nature, 2007, 450, 537–541.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. R. G. Striegl, G. R. Aiken, M. M. Dornblaser, P. A. Raymond and K. P. Wickland, A decrease in discharge-normalized DOC export by the Yukon River during summer through autumn, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2005, 32, L21413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. G. A. Weyhenmeyer and J. Karlsson, Nonlinear response of dissolved organic carbon concentrations in boreal lakes to increasing temperatures, Limnol. Oceanogr, 2009, 54, 2513–2519.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. S. J. Connelly, E. A. Wolyniak, C. E. Williamson and K. L. Jellison, Artificial UV-B and solar radiation reduce in vitro infectivitiy of the human pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2007, 41, 7101–7106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. B. J. King, D. Hoefel, D. P. Daminato, S. Fanok and P. T. Monis, Solar UV reduces Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst infectivity in environmental waters, J. Appl. Microbiol., 2008, 104, 1311–1323.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. C. E. Williamson and K. C. Rose, When UV meets freshwater, Science, 2010, 329, 637–639.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. M. Norval, R. M. Lucas, A. P. Cullen, F. R. de Gruijl, J. Longstreth, Y. Takaizawa and J. C. van der Leun, The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change, Photochem. Photobiol. Sri., 2011, 10, DOI: 10.1039/c0pp90044c.

  57. D. W. Schindler and J. P. Smol, Cumulative effects of climate warming and other human activities on freshwaters of Arctic and Subarctic North America, Ambio, 2006, 35, 160–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. M. Wang and J. E. Overland, A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2009, 36, L07502.

    Google Scholar 

  59. J. Stroeve and M. Serreze, Arctic sea ice extent plummets in 2007, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 2008, 89, 13–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. S. E. Stammerjohn, D. G. Martinson, R. C. Smith and R. A. Iannuzzi, Sea ice in the western Antarctic Peninsula region: Spatio-temporal variability from ecological and climate change perspectives, Deep-Sea Res., Part II, 2008, 55, 2041–2058.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. W. B. Keller, J. Heneberry, J. Leduc, J. Gunn and N. Yan, Variations in epilimnion thickness in small boreal shield lakes: Relationships with transparency, weather and acidification, Environ. Monit. Assess., 2006, 115, 419–431.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. A. M. Paterson, K. M. Somers, P. J. Dillon, J. Heneberry, W. B. Keller and A. Ford, Relationships between dissolved organic carbon concentrations, weather, and acidification in small Boreal Shield lakes, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 2008, 65, 786–795.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. R. P. Sinha, S. P. Singh and D.-P. Häder, Effects of UV-B radiation on phytoplankton and macroalgae: adaptation strategies, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India, 2008, 78, 105–116.

    Google Scholar 

  64. R. P. Sinha, R. P. Rastogi, N. K. Ambasht and D.-P. Häder, Live of wetland cyanobacteria under enhancing solar UV-B radiation, Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad., 2008, 78, 53–65.

    Google Scholar 

  65. R. P. Sinha, G. Keshari, S. Kumari, S. P. Singh, R. P. Rastogi and K. L. Singh, Screening of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in cyanobacteria, Mod. J. Life Sci., 2006, 5, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  66. A. Starcevic, S. Akthar, W. C. Dunlap, J. M. Shick, D. Hranueli, J. Cullum and P. F. Long, Enzymes of the shikimic acid pathway encoded in the genome of a basal metazoan, Nematostella vectensis, have microbial origins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2008, 105, 2533–2537.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. R. Sommaruga, K. Whitehead, J. M. Shick and C. S. Lobban, Mycosporine-like amino acids in the zooxanthella-ciliate symbiosis Maristentor dinoferus, Protist, 2006, 157, 185–191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. A. A. Al-Otaibi, A. Al-Sofyani, G. R. Niaz and S. S. Al-Lihaibi, Temporal and depth variation of photoprotective mycosporine-like amino acids in soft coral species from the eastern red sea coast, J. King Abdulaziz Univ. Mar. Sci., 2006, 17, 169–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. J. H. Torregiani and M. P. Lesser, The effects of short-term exposures to ultraviolet radiation in the Hawaiian coral Montipora verrucosa, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 2007, 340, 194–203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. D. Z. Ben Yosef, Y. Kashman and Y. Benayahu, Response of the soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens to ultraviolet radiation regimes as reflected by mycosporine-like amino acid biosynthesis, Mar. Ecol. Evolut. Perspect., 2006, 27, 219–228.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. T. A. Richards, J. B. Dacks, S. A. Campbell, J. L. Blanchard, P. G. Foster, R. McLeod and C. W. Roberts, Evolutionary origins of the eukaryotic shikimate pathway: gene fusions, horizontal gene transfer, and endosymbiotic replacements, Eukaryotic Cell, 2006, 5, 1517–1531.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. S. P. Singh, M. Klisch, R. P. Sinha and D.-P. Häder, Genome mining of mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA) synthesizing and non-synthesizing cyanobacteria: A bioinformatics study, Genomics, 2010, 95, 120–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. E. D. Fleming and R. W. Castenholz, Effects of nitrogen source on the synthesis of the UV-screening compound, scytonemin, in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 2008, 63, 301–308.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. F. R. Conde, M. S. Churio and C. M. Previtali, Experimental study of the excited-state properties and photostability of the mycosporine-like amino acid palythine in aqueous solution, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2007, 6, 669–674.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. M. Klisch, P. Richter, R. Puchta, D.-P. Häder and W. Bauer, The stereostructure of porphyra-334: an experimental and calculational NMR investigation. Evidence for an efficient ‘proton sponge”, Helv. Chim. Acta, 2007, 90, 488–511.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. A. Oren and N. Gunde-Cimerman, Mycosporines and mycosporine-like amino acids: UV protectants or multipurpose secondary metabolites?, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 2007, 269, 1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. F. D. L. Coba, J. Aguilera, F. L. Figueroa, M. V. de Gâlvez and E. Herrera, Antioxidant activity of mycosporine-like amino acids isolated from three red macroalgae and one marine lichen, J. Appl. Phycol., 2008, 21, 161–169.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. S. P. Singh, M. Klisch, R. P. Sinha and D.-P. Häder, Effects of abiotic stressors on synthesis of the mycosporine-like amino acid shinorine in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis PCC 7937, Photochem. Photobiol., 2008, 84, 1500–1505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. H. Jiang, K. Gao and E. W. Helbling, UV-absorbing compounds in Porphyra haitanensis (Rhodophyta) with special references to effects of desiccation, J. Appl. Phycol., 2007, 20, 387–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. A. E. Ingalls, K. Whitehead and M. C. Bridoux, Tinted windows: The presence of the UV absorbing compounds called mycosporine-like amino acids embedded in the frustules of marine diatoms, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2010, 74, 104–115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. P. R. Richter, R. P. Sinha and D.-P. Häder, Scytonemin-rich epilithic cyanobacteria survive acetone treatment, Curr. Trend. Microbiol, 2006, 2, 13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  82. S. P. Singh, D.-P. Häder and R. P. Sinha, Cyanobacteria and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) stress: Mitigation strategies, Ageing Res. Rev., 2010, 9, 79–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. E. D. Fleming and R. W. Castenholz, Effects of periodic desiccation on the synthesis of the UV-screening compound, scytonemin, in cyanobacteria, Environ. Microbiol, 2007, 9, 1448–1455.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. T. Soule, V. Stout, W. D. Swingley, J. C. Meeks and F. Garcia-Pichel, Molecular genetics and genomic analysis of scytonemin biosynthesis in Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133, J. Bacterial., 2007, 189, 4465–4472.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. T. Soule, F. Garcia-Pichel and V. Stout, Gene expression patterns associated with the biosynthesis of the sunscreen scytonemin in Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 in response to UVA radiation, J. Bacteriol., 2009, 191, 4639–4646.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. S. Halac, E. Garcia-Mendoza and A. T. Banaszak, Ultraviolet radiation reduces the photoprotective capacity of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae, Heterokontophyta), Photochem. Photobiol, 2009, 85, 807–815.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. M. Abboudi, W. H. Jeffrey, J. F. Ghiglione, M. Pujo-Pay, L. Oriol, R. Sempéré, B. Charriére and F. Joux, Effects of photochemical transformations of dissolved organic matter on bacterial metabolism and diversity in three contrasting coastal sites in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea during summer, Microb. Ecol., 2007, 55, 344–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. M. T. Pérez and R. Sommaruga, Interactive effects of solar radiation and dissolved organic matter on bacterial activity and community structure, Environ. Microbiol., 2007, 9, 2200–2210.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. F. Van Wambeke, M. Tedetti, S. Duhamel and R. Sempéré, Diel variability of heterotrophic bacterial production and UV doses in the South East Pacific, Biogeosci. Discuss., 2008, 5, 435–462.

    Google Scholar 

  90. J. D. Pakulski, J. P. Kase, J. A. Meador and W. H. Jeffrey, Effect of stratospheric ozone depletion and enhanced ultraviolet radiation on marine bacteria at Palmer Station, Antarctica in the early Austral spring, Photochem. Photobiol, 2008, 84, 215–221.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. W. Zhou, X. Tang, H. Xiao, Y. Wang and R. Wang, Response of marine microalgae, heterotrophic bacteria and their relationship to enhanced UV-B radiation, J. Ocean Univ. China, 2009, 8, 35–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. K. L. Hernández, R. A. Quinones, G. Daneri and E. W. Helbling, Effects of solar radiation on bacterioplankton production in the upwelling system off central-southern Chile, Mar. Ecol.: Prog. Ser., 2006, 315, 19–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. K. L. Hernéndez, R. A. Quiñones, G. Daneri, M. E. Farias and E. W. Helbling, Solar UV radiation modulates daily production and DNA damage of marine bacterioplankton from a productive upwelling zone (36°S), Chile, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 2007, 343, 82–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. V. F. Zenoff, F. Sineriz and M. E. Farias, Diverse responses to UV-B radiation and repair mechanisms of bacteria isolated from high-altitude aquatic environments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 2006, 72, 7857–7863.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. J. R. Dib, A. Weiss, A. Neumann, O. Ordonez, M. C. Estevez and M. E. Farias, Isolation of bacteria from remote high altitude Andean lakes able to grow in the presence of antibiotics, Recent Pat. Anti-Infect. Drug Discovery, 2009, 4, 66–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. T. Kataoka, Y. Hodoki, K. Suzuki, H. Saito and S. Higashi, Detection of UVBR-sensitive and -tolerant bacteria in surface waters of the western North Pacific, J. Photochem. Photobiol, B, 2009, 95, 108–116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. L. Alonso-Sáez, J. M. Gasol, T. Lefort, J. Hofer and R. Sommaruga, Effect of natural sunlight on bacterial activity and differential sensitivity of natural bacterioplankton groups in northwestern Mediterranean coastal waters, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 2006, 72, 5806–5813.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. P. D. Williams, S. L. Eichstadt, T. A. Kokjohn and E. L. Martin, Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the Gram-positive marine bacterium Microbacterium maritypicum, Curr. Microbiol, 2007, 55, 1–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. C. S. Cockell and J. A. Raven, Ozone and life on the Archaean Earth, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 2007, 365, 1889–1901.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. H. Piazena and D.-P. Häder, Solar UV-B and UV-A irradiance in arid high-mountain regions: Measurements on the island of Tenerife as compared to previous tropical Andes data, J. Geophys. Res., 2009, 114, G04024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. V. R. Phoenix, P. C. Bennett, A. S. Engel, S. W. Tyler and F. G. Ferris, Chilean high-altitude hot-spring sinters: a model system for UV screening mechanisms by early Precambrian cyanobacteria, Geobiology, 2006, 4, 15–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. C. I. Sicora, S. E. Appleton, C. M. Brown, J. Chung, J. Chandler, A. M. Cockshutt, I. Vass and D. A. Campbell, Cyanobacterial psbA families in Anabaena and Synechocystis encode trace, constitutive and UVB-induced Dl isoforms, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Bioenerg., 2006, 1757, 47–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. O. Cheregi, C. Sicora, P. B. Kos, M. Barker, P. J. Nixon and I. Vass, The role of the FtsH and Deg proteases in the repair of UV-B radiation-damaged Photosystem II in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Bioenerg, 2007, 1767, 820–828.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. C. Six, L. Joubin, F. Partensky, J. Holtzendorff and L. Garczarek, UV-induced phycobilisome dismantling in the marine picocyanobac-terium Synechococcus sp. WH8102, Photosynth. Res., 2007, 92, 75–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. K. S. Gao and Z. L. Ma, Photosynthesis and growth of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (Cyanophyta) in response to solar UV radiation, with special reference to its minor variant, Environ. Exp. Bot., 2008, 63, 123–129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. P. Li and K. S. Gao, Effects of solar UV and visible radiations on the spiral structure and orientation of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (Cyanophyta), Phycologia, 2008, 47, 573–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. K. Gao, P. Li, T. Watanabe and E. W. Helbling, Combined effects of ultraviolet radiation and temperature on morphology, photosynthesis, and DNA of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (Cyanophyta), J. Phycol, 2008, 44, 777–786.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Z. Ma and K. Gao, Photoregulation of morphological structure and its physiological relevance in the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, Planta, 2009, 230, 329–337.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. M. P. Lesser, Effects of ultraviolet radiation on productivity and nitrogen fixation in the cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. (Newton’s strain), Hydrobiologia, 2007, 598, 1–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. K. Gao, H. Yu and M. T. Brown, Solar PAR and UV radiation affects the physiology and morphology of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, J. Photochem. Photobiol, B, 2007, 89, 117–124.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. L. Zhang, L. Li and Q. Wu, Protective effects of mycosporine-like amino acids of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and their partial characterization, J. Photochem. Photobiol, B, 2007, 86, 240–245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Z. Ma and K. Gao, Photosynthetically active and UV radiation act in an antagonistic way in regulating buoyancy of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (cyanobacterium), Environ. Exp. Bot., 2009, 66, 265–269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. R. Bhandari and P. K. Sharma, Effect of UV-B and high visual radiation on photosynthesis in freshwater (Nostoc spongiaeforme) and marine (Phormidium corium) cyanobacteria, Indian J. Biochem. Biophys., 2007, 44, 231–239.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Y. Y. He and D.-P. Häder, UV-B-induced oxidative stress and damage in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp., in Environmental UV Radiation: Impact on Ecosystems and Human Health and Predictive Models, ed. F. Ghetti, G. Checcucci and J. F. Bornman, Springer, The Netherlands, 2006, p. 281.

    Google Scholar 

  115. M. Mohlin and A. Wulff, Interaction effects of ambient UV radiation and nutrient limitation on the toxic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena, Microb. Ecol, 2008, 57, 675–686.

    Google Scholar 

  116. J. A. Meador, A. J. Baldwin, P. Catala, W. H. Jeffrey, F. Joux, J. A. Moss, J. D. Pakulski, R. Stevens and D. L. Mitchell, Sunlight-induced DNA damage in marine micro-organisms collected along a latitudinal gradient from 70°N to 68°S, Photochem. Photobiol, 2009, 85, 412–420.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. H. Wu and K. Gao, Ultraviolet radiation stimulated activity of extracellular carbonic anhydrase in the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum, Fund. Plant Biol., 2009, 36, 137–143.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. C. Y. Wong, W. L. Chu, H. Marchant and S. M. Phang, Comparing the response of Antarctic, tropical and temperate microalgae to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) stress, J. Appl Phycol, 2007, 19, 689–699.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. V. E. Villafane, P. J. Janknegt, M. de Graaff, R. J. W. Visser, W. H. van de Poll, A. G. J. Buma and E. W. Helbling, UVR-induced photoinhibition of summer marine phytoplankton communities from Patagonia, Mar. Biol, 2008, 154, 1021–1029.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. W. Guan and K. Gao, Impacts of UV radiation on photosynthesis and growth of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyceae), Environ. Exp. Bot., 2010, 67, 502–508.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. I. Laurion and S. Roy, Growth and photoprotection in three dinoflagellates (including two strains of Alexandrium tamarense) and one diatom exposed to four weeks of natural and enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation, J. Phycol, 2009, 45, 16–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. C. Dimier, F. Corato, F. Tramontano and C. Brunet, Photoprotection and xanthophyll-cycle activity in three marine diatoms, J. Phycol, 2007, 43, 937–947.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. W. H. van de Poll and A. G. J. Buma, Does ultraviolet radiation affect the xanthophyll cycle in marine phytoplankton?, Photochem. Photobiol Sci., 2009, 8, 1295–1301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. B. Mohovic, S. M. F. Gianesella, I. Laurion and S. Roy, Ultraviolet B-photoprotection efficiency of mesocosm-enclosed natural phytoplankton communities from different latitudes: Rimouski (Canada) and Ubatuba (Brazil), Photochem. Photobiol, 2006, 82, 952–961.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. P. J. Janknegt, W. H. van de Poll, R. J. W. Visser, J. W. Rijstenbil and A. G. J. Buma, Oxidative stress responses in the marine Antarctic diatom Chaetoceros brevis (Bacillariophyceae) during photoacclimation, J. Phycol, 2008, 44, 957–966.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. M. Fouqueray, J. L. Mouget, A. Morant-Manceau and G. Tremblin, Dynamics of short-term acclimation to UV radiation in marine diatoms, J. Photochem. Photobiol, B, 2007, 89, 1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. K. Gao, W. Guan and E. W. Helbling, Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on photosynthesis of the marine red tide alga Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae), J. Photochem. Photobiol, B, 2007, 86, 140–148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. W. Guan and K. Gao, Light histories influence the impacts of solar ultraviolet radiation on photosynthesis and growth in a marine diatom, Skeletonema costatum, J. Photochem. Photobiol, B, 2008, 91, 151–156.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. C. Sobrino, M. L. Ward and P. J. Neale, Acclimation to elevated carbon dioxide and ultraviolet radiation in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana: Effects on growth, photosynthesis, and spectral sensitivity of photoinhibition, Limnol Oceanogr, 2008, 53, 494–505.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. C. Sobrino, P. J. Neale, J. D. Phillips-Kress, R. E. Moeller and J. A. Portec, Elevated CO2 increases sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation in lacustrine phytoplankton assemblages, Limnol Oceanogr., 2009, 54, 2448–2459.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. P. R. Richter, D.-P. Häder, R. J. Goncalves, M. A. Marcoval, V. E. Villafane and E. W. Helbling, Vertical migration and motility responses in three marine phytoplankton species exposed to solar radiation, Photochem. Photobiol, 2007, 83, 810–817.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. P. Richter, W. Helbling, C. Streb and D.-P. Häder, PAR and UV effects on vertical migration and photosynthesis in Euglena gracilis, Photochem. Photobiol, 2007, 83, 818–823.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. J. J. Fritz, P. J. Neale, R. F. Davis and J. A. Peloquin, Response of Antarctic phytoplankton to solar UVR exposure: Inhibition and recovery of photosynthesis in coastal and pelagic assemblages, Mar. Ecol: Prog. Ser, 2008, 365, 1–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. A. Wulff, K. Zacher, D. Hanelt, A. Al-Handal and C. Wiencke, UV radiation - a threat to Antarctic benthic marine diatoms?, Antarct. Sci., 2001, 20, 13–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. B. Hamre, J. J. Stamnes, Frette, S. R. Erga and K. Stamnes, Could stratospheric ozone depletion lead to enhanced aquatic primary production in the polar regions?, Limnol Oceanogr, 2008, 53, 332–338.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. K. Gao, G. Li, E. W. Helbling and V. E. Villafane, Variability of UVR effects on photosynthesis of summer phytoplankton assemblages from a tropical coastal area of the South China Sea, Photochem. Photobiol., 2007, 83, 802–809.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. C. Callieri, B. Modenutti, C. Queimaliños, R. Bertoni and E. Balseiro, Production and biomass of picophytoplankton and larger autotrophs in Andean ultraoligotrophic lakes: differences in light harvesting efficiency in deep layers, Aquat. Ecol., 2007, 41, 511–523.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. J. N. Bouchard, S. Roy and D. A. Campbell, UVB effects on the photosystem II-D1 protein of phytoplankton and natural phytoplankton communities, Photochem. Photobiol., 2006, 82, 936–951.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. J. Lavaud, R. F. Strzepek and P. G. Kroth, Photoprotection capacity differs among diatoms: Possible consequences on the spatial distribution of diatoms related to fluctuations in the underwater light climate, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2007, 52, 1188–1194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. E. W. Helbling, D. E. Pérez, C. D. Medina, M. G. Lagunas and V. E. Villafañe, Phytoplankton distribution and photosynthesis dynamics in the Chubut River estuary (Patagonia, Argentina) throughout tidal cycles, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2010, 55, 55–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. D. O. Hessen, E. S. Leu, P. J. Færøvig and S. F. Petersen, Light and spectral properties as determinants of C:N:P-ratios in phytoplankton, Deep-Sea Res., Part II, 2008, 55, 2169–2175.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. P. Carrillo, J. A. Delgado-Molina, J. M. Medina-Sánchez, F. J. Bullejos and M. Villar-Argaiz, Phosphorus inputs unmask negative effects of ultraviolet radiation on algae in a high mountain lake, Global Change Biol., 2007, 14, 423–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. U. Riebesell, K. G. Schulz, R. G. J. Bellerby, M. Botros, P. Fritsche, M. Meyerh”fer, C. Neill, G. Nondal, A. Oschlies, J. Wohlers and E. Zollner, Enhanced biological carbon consumption in a high CO2 ocean, Nature, 2007, 450, 545–548.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. E. S. Barbieri, V. E. Villafañe and E. W. Helbling, Dynamics of oxygen production/consumption in Dunaliella salina, Thalassiosira weissflogii and Heterocapsa triqueta circulating within a simulated upper mixed layer, Invest. Mar., 2006, 24, 97–108.

    Google Scholar 

  145. E. W. Helbling, A. G. J. Buma, W. Van, de Poll, M. V. Fernández Zenoff and V. E. Villafañe, UVR-induced photosynthetic inhibition dominates over DNA damage in marine dinoflagellates exposed to fluctuating solar radiation regimes, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 2008, 365, 96–102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. I. Joint and M. B. Jordan, Effect of short-term exposure to UVA and UVB on potential phytoplankton production in UK. coastal waters, J. Plankton Res., 2007, 30, 199–210.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. V. E. Villafañe, K. Gao, P. Li and E. W. Helbling, Vertical mixing within the epilimnion modulates UVR-induced photoinhibition in tropical freshwater phytoplankton from southern China, Freshwater Biol., 2007, 52, 1260–1270.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. M. Hernando, I. Schloss, S. Roy and G. Ferreyra, Photoacclimation to long-term ultraviolet radiation exposure of natural sub-Antarctic phytoplankton communities: fixed surface incubations versus mixed mesocosms, Photochem. Photobiol., 2006, 82, 923–935.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. K. Tirok and U. Gaedke, The effect of irradiance, vertical mixing and temperature on spring phytoplankton dynamics under climate change: Long-term observations and model analysis, Oecologia, 2006, 150, 625–642.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. G. A. Ferreyra, B. Mostajir, I. R. Schloss, K. Chatila, M. E. Ferrario, P. Sargian, S. Roy, J. Prod’homme and S. Demers, Ultraviolet-B radiation effects on the structure and function of lower trophic levels of the marine planktonic food web, Photochem. Photobiol., 2006, 82, 887–897.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. K. Zacher, D. Hanelt, C. Wiencke and A. Wulff, Grazing and UV radiation effects on an Antarctic intertidal microalgal assemblage: a long-term field study, Polar Biol., 2007, 30, 1203–1212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. S. Roy, B. Mohovic, S. M. F. Gianesella, I. Schloss, M. Ferrario and S. Demers, Effects of enhanced UV-B on pigment-based phytoplankton biomass and composition of mesocosm-enclosed natural marine communities from three latitudes, Photochem. Photobiol., 2006, 82, 909–922.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. J. N. Bouchard, M. L. Longhi, S. Roy, D. A. Campbell and G. Ferreyra, Interaction of nitrogen status and UVB sensitivity in a temperate phytoplankton assemblage, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 2008, 359, 67–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. M. A. Marcoval, V. E. Villafañe and E. W. Helbling, Combined effects of solar ultraviolet radiation and nutrients addition on growth, biomass and taxonomic composition of coastal marine phytoplankton communities of Patagonia, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 2008, 91, 157–166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. J. A. Delgado-Molina, P. Carrillo, J. M. Medina-Sánchez, M. Villar-Argaiz and F. J. Bullejos, Interactive effects of phosphorus loads and ambient ultraviolet radiation on the algal community in a highmountain lake, J. Plankton Res., 2009, 31, 619–634.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. C. E. Scott, J. E. Saros, C. E. Williamson, C. R. Salm, S. C. Peters and D. L. Mitchell, Effects of nutrients and dissolved organic matter on the response of phytoplankton to ultraviolet radiation: experimental comparison in spring versus summer, Hydrobiologia, 2008, 619, 155–166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. S. A. Wängberg, K. I. M. Andreasson, K. Gustavson, T. Reinthaler and P. Henriksen, UV-B effects on microplankton communities in Kongsfjord, Svalbard - A mesocosm experiment, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 2008, 365, 156–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. K. Bischof, I. Gómez, M. Molis, D. Hanelt, U. Karsten, U. Lüder, M. Y. Roleda, K. Zacher and C. Wiencke, Ultraviolet radiation shapes seaweed communities, Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio/Technol., 2006, 5, 141–166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. U. Karsten, K. Escoubeyrou and F. Charles, The effect of re-dissolution solvents and HPLC columns on the analysis of mycosporine-like amino acids in the eulittoral macroalgae Prasiola crispa and Porphyra umbilicalis, Helgol. Mar. Res., 2009, 63, 231–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. A. E. B. González, M. B. Charles, J. Mancini-Filho and A. V. Novoa, Seaweeds as sources of antioxidant phytomedicines, Rev. Cubana Plant. Med., 2009, 14, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  161. J. Xu and K. S. Gao, Growth, pigments, UV-absorbing compounds and agar yield of the economic red seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) grown at different depths in the coastal waters of the South China Sea, J. Appl. Phycol., 2007, 20, 681–686.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. S. Becker, B. Walter and K. Bischof, Freezing tolerance and photosyn-thetic performance of polar seaweeds at low temperatures, Bot. Mar., 2009, 52, 609–616.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. D. Hanelt, C. Wiencke and K. Bischof, Effects of UV radiation on seaweeds, in Arctic Alpine Ecosystems and People in a Changing Environment, Part 3, ed. J. B. Ørbæk, R. Kallenborn, I. Tombre, E. N. Hegseth, S. Falk-Petersen and A. H. Hoel, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2007, pp. 251–277.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  164. M. Y. Roleda, C. Wiencke, D. Hanelt and K. Bischof, Sensitivity of the early life stages of macroalgae from the northern hemisphere to ultraviolet radiation, Photochem. Photobiol., 2007, 83, 851–862.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. M. Y. Roleda, K. Zacher, A. Wulff, D. Hanelt and C. Wiencke, Photosynthetic performance, DNA damage and repair in gametes of the endemic Antarctic brown alga Ascoseira mirabilis exposed to ultraviolet radiation, Aust. Ecol., 2007, 32, 917–926.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. C. Wiencke, M. Y. Roleda, A. Gruber, M. N. Clayton and K. Bischof, Susceptibility of zoospores to UV radiation determines upper depth distribution limit of Arctic kelps: evidence through field experiments, J. Ecol., 2006, 94, 455–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  167. K. Zacher, A. Wulff, M. Molis, D. Hanelt and C. Wiencke, Ultraviolet radiation and consumer effects on a field-grown intertidal macroalgal assemblage in Antarctica, Global Change Biol., 2007, 13, 1201–1215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. M. Y. Roleda, Photosynthetic response of Arctic kelp zoospores exposed to radiation and thermal stress, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2009, 8, 1302–1312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. S. Liu, Q. S. Zhang, Y. Wang, Q. Ju and X. X. Tang, The response of the early developmental stages of Laminaria japonica to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation, Sci. China, Ser. C: Life Sci., 2008, 51, 1129- 1136.

  170. N. P. Navarro, A. Mansilla and M. Palacios, UVB effects on early developmental stages of commercially important macroalgae in southern Chile, J. Appl. Phycol., 2007, 20, 897–906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. J. Fredersdorf, R. Müller, S. Becker, C. Wiencke and K. Bischof, Interactive effects of radiation, temperature and salinity on different life history stages of the Arctic kelp Alaria esculenta (Phaeophyceae), Oecologia, 2009, 160, 483–492.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. M. Y. Roleda, U. Lütz-Meindl, C. Wiencke and C. Lütz, Physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructural responses of the green macroalga Urospora penicilliformis from Arctic Spitsbergen to UV radiation, Protoplasma, 2009, 243, 105–116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. H. X. Jiang and K. S. Gao, Effects of UV radiation on the photosynthesis of conchocelis of Porphyra haitanensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), Phycologia, 2008, 47, 241–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. Y. S. Han, S. H. Kang and T. Han, Photosynthesis and photoinhibition of two green macroalgae with contrasting habitats, J. Plant Biol., 2007, 50, 410–416.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. J. Aguilera, F. L. Figueroa, D.-P. Häder and C. Jiménez, Photoinhibition and photosynthetic pigment reorganisation dynamics in light/darkness cycles as photoprotective mechanisms of Porphyra umbilicalis against damaging effects of UV radiation, Sci. Mar., 2008, 72, 87–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. K. S. Gao and J. Xu, Effects of solar UV radiation on diurnal photosynthetic performance and growth of Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta), Eur. J. Phycol., 2008, 43, 297–307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. M. Y. Roleda, K. Zacher, A. Wulff, D. Hanelt and C. Wiencke, Susceptibility of spores of different ploidy levels from Antarctic Gigartina skottsbergii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) to ultraviolet radiation, Phycologia, 2008, 47, 361–370.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. M. Y. Roleda, C. Wiencke and D. Hanelt, Thallus morphology and optical characteristics affect growth and DNA damage by UV radiation in juvenile Arctic Laminaria sporophytes, Planta, 2005, 223, 407–417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. T. M. Lee and C. T. Shiu, Implications of mycosporine-like amino acid and antioxidant defenses in UV-B radiation tolerance for the algae species Ptercladiella capillacea and Gelidium amansii, Mar. Environ. Res., 2009, 67, 8–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. L. T. Salgado, R. Tomazetto, L. P. Cinelli, M. Farina and G. M. A. Filho, The influence of brown algae alginates on phenolic compounds capability of ultraviolet radiation absorption in vitro, Braz. J. Oceanogr., 2007, 55, 145–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. M. Y. Roleda, M. N. Clayton and C. Wiencke, Screening capacity of UV-absorbing compounds in spores of Arctic Laminariales, J. Ex p. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 2006, 338, 123–133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. M. Germ, Z. Mazej, A. Gaberscik and T. T. Sedej, The response of Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Myriophyllum spicatum L. to reduced, ambient, and enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation, Hydrobiologia, 2006, 570, 47–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  183. D. Hanelt, I. Hawes and R. Rae, Reduction of UV-B radiation causes an enhancement of photoinhibition in high light stressed aquatic plants from New Zealand lakes, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 2006, 84, 89–102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. S. Otero, S. Cezón, J. Martínez-Abaigar and E. Núñez-Olivera, Ultraviolet-absorbing capacity of aquatic bryophytes from Tierra del Fuego (Argentina), J. Bryol., 2008, 30, 290–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. J. Martínez-Abaigar, E. Núñez-Olivera, M. Arróniz-Crespo, R. Tomás, N. Beaucourt and S. Otero, Effects of ultraviolet radiation on aquatic bryophytes, Limnetica, 2006, 25, 81–94.

    Google Scholar 

  186. M. Arróniz-Crespo, E. Núñez-Olivera and J. Martínez-Abaigar, Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in an aquatic liverwort as possible bioindicators of enhanced UV radiation, Environ. Pollut., 2008, 151, 8–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. S. Otero, E. Núñez-Olivera, J. Martínez-Abaigar, R. Tomás and S. Huttunen, Retrospective bioindication of stratospheric ozone and ultraviolet radiation using hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives of herbarium samples of an aquatic liverwort, Environ. Pollut., 2009, 157, 2335–2344.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. B. A. Bancroft, N. J. Baker and A. R. Blaustein, Effects of UVB radiation on marine and freshwater organisms: a synthesis through meta-analysis, Ecol. Lett., 2007, 10, 332–345.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. J. W. Reid, C. E. Williamson, J. H. Thorp and A. P. Covich, Copepoda, in Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates, Third Edition, Academic Press, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  190. R. L. McKenzie, P. J. Aucamp, A. F. Bais, L. O. Björn, M. Ilyas and S. Madronich, Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV radiation, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2011, 10, DOI: 10.1039/c0pp90034f.

  191. M. C. Marinone, S. M. Marque, D. A. Suárez, M. del Carmen Diuez, P. Pérez, P. De, Los Ríos, D. Soto and H. E. Zagarese, UV radiation as a potential driving force for zooplankton community structure in Patagonian lakes, Photochem. Photobiol., 2006, 82, 962–971.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. S. Ban, N. Ohi, S. C. Y. Leong, K. T. Takahashi, C. W. Riser and S. Taguchi, Effect of solar ultraviolet radiation on survival of krill larvae and copepods in Antarctic Ocean, Polar Biol., 2007, 30, 1295–1302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  193. J. H. M. Kouwenberg and F. Lantoine, Effects of ultraviolet-B stressed diatom food on the reproductive output in Mediterranean Calanus helgolandicus (Crustacea; Copepoda), J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 2007, 341, 239–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  194. S. L. Cooke, C. E. Williamson and J. E. Saros, How do temperature, dissolved organic matter and nutrients influence the response of Leptodiaptomus ashlandi to UV radiation in a subalpine lake?, Freshwater Biol., 2006, 51, 1827–1837.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. J. D. Huebner, D. L. W. Young, N. L. Loadman, V. J. Lentz and M. D. Wiegand, Age-dependent survival, reproduction and photorepair activity in Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820) after exposure to artificial ultraviolet radiation, Photochem. Photobiol., 2006, 82, 1656–1661.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. J. D. Huebner, N. L. Loadman, M. D. Wiegand, D. L. W. Young and L. A. Warszycki, The Effect of chronic exposure to artificial UVB radiation on the survival and reproduction of Daphnia magna across two generations, Photochem. Photobiol., 2009, 85, 374–378.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. J. M. Fischer, P. A. Fields, P. G. Pryzbylkowski, J. L. Nicolai and P. J. Neale, Sublethal exposure to UV radiation affects respiration rates of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia catawba, Photochem. Photobiol., 2006, 82, 547–550.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. J. Kim, M. Lee, S. Oh, J. L. Ku, K. H. Kim and K. Choi, Acclimation to ultraviolet irradiation affects UV-B sensitivity of Daphnia magna to several environmental toxicants, Chemosphere, 2009, 77, 1600–1608.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. M. S. Souza, E. Balseiro, C. Laspoumaderes and B. Modenutti, Effect of ultraviolet radiation on acetylcholinesterase activity in freshwater copepods, Photochem. Photobiol., 2010, 86, 367–373.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. B. Tartarotti and J. J. Torres, Sublethal stress: Impact of solar UV radiation on protein synthesis in the copepod Acartia tonsa, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 2009, 375, 106–113.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  201. S. L. Cooke and C. E. Williamson, Positive effects of UV radiation on a calanoid copepod in a transparent lake: do competition, predation or food availability play a role?, J. Plankton Res., 2005, 28, 171–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  202. K. Kessler, R. S. Lockwood, C. E. Williamson and J. E. Saros, Vertical distribution of zooplankton in subalpine and alpine lakes: Ultraviolet radiation, fish predation, and the transparency-gradient hypothesis, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2008, 53, 2374–2382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  203. J. M. Fischer, J. L. Nicolai, C. E. Williamson, A. D. Persaud and R. S. Lockwood, Effects of ultraviolet radiation on diel vertical migration of crustacean zooplankton: an in situ mesocosm experiment, Hydrobiologia, 2006, 563, 217–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  204. L. A. Hansson and S. Hylander, Size-structured risk assessments govern Daphnia migration, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 2009, 276, 331–336.

    Google Scholar 

  205. S. Hylander, N. Larsson and L. A. Hansson, Zooplankton vertical migration and plasticity of pigmentation arising from simultaneous UV and predation threats, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2009, 54, 483–491.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. R. J. Gonçalves, E. S. Barbieri, V. E. Villafañe and E. W. Hel-bling, Motility of Daphnia spinulata as affected by solar radiation throughout an annual cycle in mid-latitudes of Patagonia, Photochem. Photobiol., 2007, 83, 824–832.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Y. S. Zadereev and A. P. Tolomeyev, The vertical distribution of zooplankton in brackish meromictic lake with deep-water chlorophyll maximum, Hydrobiologia, 2007, 576, 69–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  208. L. A. Hansson, S. Hylander and R. Sommaruga, Escape from UV threats in zooplankton: a cocktail of behavior and protective pigmentation, Ecology, 2007, 88, 1932–1939.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. A. L. Macaluso, D. L. Mitchell and R. W. Sanders, Direct effects of UV-B radiation on the freshwater heterotrophic nanoflagellate Paraphysomonas sp., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2009, 75, 4525–4530.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  210. R. Reef, S. Dunn, O. Levy, S. Dove, E. Shemesh, I. Brickner, W. Leggat and O. Hoegh-Guldberg, Photoreactivation is the main repair pathway for UV-induced DNA damage in coral planulae, J. Exp. Biol., 2009, 212, 2760–2766.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. U. Riemer, M. D. Lamare and B. M. Peake, Temporal concentrations of sunscreen compounds (mycosporine-like amino acids) in phytoplankton and in the New Zealand krill, Nyctiphanes australis G. O. Sars, J. Plankton Res., 2007, 29, 1077–1086.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. U. Obertegger, G. Flaim and R. Sommaruga, Multifactorial nature of rotifer water layer preferences in an oligotrophic lake, J. Plankton Res., 2008, 30, 633–643.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. B. Sonntag, M. Summerer and R. Sommaruga, Sources of mycosporine-like amino acids in planktonic Chlorella -bearing ciliates (Ciliophora), Freshwater Biol., 2007, 52, 1476–1485.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. M. Summerer, B. Sonntag, P. Hortnagl and R. Sommaruga, Symbiotic ciliates receive protection against UV damage from their algae: a test with Paramecium bursaria and Chlorella, Protist, 2009, 160, 233–243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. S. Hylander, W. J. Boeing, W. Graneli, J. Karlsson, J. von Einem, K. Gutseit and L. A. Hansson, Complementary UV protective compounds in zooplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2009, 54, 1883–1893.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. B. Tartarotti and R. Sommaruga, Seasonal and ontogenetic changes of mycosporine-like amino acids in planktonic organisms from an alpine lake, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2006, 51, 1530–1541.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  217. P. E. Garcia, A. P. Perez, M. D. C. Dieguez, M. A. Ferraro and H. E. Zagarese, Dual control of the levels of photoprotective compounds by ultraviolet radiation and temperature in the freshwater copepod Boeckella antiqua, J. Plankton Res., 2008, 30, 817–827.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. M. S. Souza, B. E. Modenutti and E. G. Balseiro, Antioxidant defences in planktonic crustaceans exposed to different underwater light irradiances in Andean lakes, Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 2007, 183, 49–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. E. Balseiro, M. S. Souza, M. Ressig and B. Modenutti, Living in transparent lakes: Low food P:C ratio decreases antioxidant response to ultraviolet radiation in Daphnia, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2008, 53, 2383–2390.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. C. E. Williamson, H. J. De, Lange and D. M. Leech, Do zooplankton contribute to an ultraviolet clear-water phase in lakes?, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2007, 52, 662–667.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. D. M. Leech, W. J. Boeing, S. L. Cooke, C. E. Williamson and L. Torres, UV-enhanced fish predation and the differential migration of zooplankton in response to UV radiation and fish, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2009, 54, 1152–1161.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. B. Sterr and R. Sommaruga, Does ultraviolet radiation alter kairomones? An experimental test with Chaoborus obscuripes and Daphnia pulex, J. Plankton Res., 2008, 30, 1343–1350.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Y. Wang, J. W. Chen, J. Lin, Z. Wang, H. T. Bian, X. Y. Cai and C. Hao, Combined experimental and theoretical study on photoinduced toxicity of an anthraquinone dye intermediate to Daphnia magna, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 2009, 28, 846–852.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. K. Nagiller and R. Sommaruga, Differential tolerance of UV radiation between Chaoborus species and role of photoprotective compounds, J. Plankton Res., 2009, 31, 503–513.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. W. J. Palen, C. E. Williamson, A. A. Clauser and D. E. Schindler, Impact of UV-B exposure on amphibian embryos; linking species physiology to oviposition behavior, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 2005, 272, 1227–1234.

    Google Scholar 

  226. W. J. Palen and D. E. Schindler, Water clarity, maternal behavior, and physiology combine to eliminate UV radiation risk to amphibians in a montane landscape, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2010, 107, 9701–9706.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  227. M. C. Croteau, M. A. Davidson, D. R. S. Lean and V. L. Trudeau, Global increases in ultraviolet B radiation: Potential impacts on amphibian development and metamorphosis, Physiol. Biochem. Zool., 2008, 81, 743–761.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. B. A. Bancroft, N. J. Baker, C. L. Searle, T. S. Garcia and A. R. Blaustein, Larval amphibians seek warm temperatures and do not avoid harmful UVB radiation, Behav. Ecol., 2008, 19, 879–886.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  229. B. A. Han, L. B. Kats, R. C. Pommerening, R. P. Ferrer, M. Murry-Ewers and A. R. Blaustein, Behavioral avoidance of ultraviolet-B radiation by two species of neotropical poison-dart frogs, Biotropica, 2007, 39, 433–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  230. R. D. Calfee, C. M. Bridges and E. E. Little, Sensitivity of two Salamander (Ambystoma) species to ultraviolet radiation, J. Herpetol., 2006, 40, 35–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  231. M. G. Perotti and M. d. C. Diéguez, Effect of UV-B exposure on eggs and embryos of Patagonian anurans and evidence of photoprotection,, Chemosphere, 2006, 65, 2063–2070.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. O. Marquis and C. Miaud, Variation in UV sensitivity among common frog Rana temporaria populations along an altitudinal gradient, Zoology, 2008, 111, 309–317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. B. R. Hossack, S. A. Diamond and P. S. Corn, Distribution of boreal toad populations in relation to estimated UV-B dose in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, Can. J. Zool., 2006, 84, 98–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  234. M. C. Croteau, M. Davidson, P. Duarte-Guterman, M. Wade, J. T. Popesku, S. Wiens, D. R. S. Lean and V. L. Trudeau, Assessment of thyroid system disruption in Rana pipiens tadpoles chronically exposed to UVB radiation and 4-tert-octylphenol, Aquat. Toxicol., 2009, 95, 81–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. G. Macias, A. Marco and A. R. Blaustein, Combined exposure to ambient UVB radiation and nitrite negatively affects survival of amphibian early life stages, Sci. Total Environ., 2007, 385, 55–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. O. Marquis, C. Miaud, G. F. Ficetola, A. Bocher, F. Mouchet, S. Guittonneau and A. Devaux, Variation in genotoxic stress tolerance among frog populations exposed to UV and pollutant gradients, Aquat. Toxicol., 2009, 95, 152–161.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. S. L. Weyrauch and T. C. Grubb, Effects of the interaction between genetic diversity and UV-B radiation on wood frog fitness, Conserv. Biol., 2006, 20, 802–810.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. J. M. Romansic, A. A. Waggener, B. A. Bancroft and A. R. Blaustein, Influence of ultraviolet-B radiation on growth, prevalence of deformities, and susceptibility to predation in Cascades frog (Rana cascadae) larvae, Hydrobiologia, 2009, 624, 219–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  239. T. S. Garcia, J. M. Romansic and A. R. Blaustein, Survival of three species of anuran metamorphs exposed to UV-B radiation and the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Dis. Aquat. Org., 2006, 72, 163–169.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. L. A. Alton, R. S. Wilson and C. E. Franklin, Risk of predation enhances the lethal effects of UV-B in amphibians, Global Change Biol., 2010, 16, 538–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  241. I. E. Jokinen, E. S. Markkula, H. M. Salo, P. Kuhn, S. Nikoskelainen, M. T. Arts and H. I. Browman, Exposure to increased ambient ultraviolet B radiation has negative effects on growth, condition and immune function of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Photochem. Photobiol., 2008, 84, 1265–1271.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. S. E. Markkula, A. Karvonen, H. Salo, E. T. Valtonen and E. I. Jokinen, Ultraviolet B irradiation affects resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against bacterium Yersinia ruckeri and trematode Diplostomum spathaceum, Photochem. Photobiol., 2007, 83, 1263–1269.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. L. B. Holtby and M. L. Bothwell, Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on the behaviour of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): avoidance, feeding, and agonistic interactions, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 2008, 65, 701–711.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  244. Y. Fukunishi, R. Masuda and Y. Yamashita, Ontogeny of tolerance to and avoidance of ultraviolet radiation in red sea bream Pagrus major and black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli, Fish. Sci., 2006, 72, 356–363.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. M. H. Olson, M. R. Colip, J. S. Gerlach and D. L. Mitchell, Quantifying ultraviolet radiation mortality risk in bluegill larvae: effects of nest location, Ecol. Appl., 2006, 16, 328–338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. M. H. Olson, T. Adams-Deutsch, K. J. Cassels, A. E. Oliver and D. L. Mitchell, Patterns of ultraviolet radiation exposure in bluegill nests over the course of the spawning season, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 2008, 137, 1446–1454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  247. A. E. D. H. Sayed, A. T. Ibrahim, I. A. A. Mekkawy and U. M. Mahmoud, Acute effects of ultraviolet-A radiation of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 2007, 89, 170–174.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. M. H. Olson and D. L. Mitchell, Interspecific variation in UV defense mechanisms among temperate freshwater fishes, Photochem. Photobiol., 2006, 82, 606–610.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. D. L. Mitchell, T. Adams-Deutsch and M. H. Olson, Dose dependence of DNA repair in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae exposed to UV-B radiation, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2009, 8, 75–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. A. J. Tucker, C. E. Williamson, K. C. Rose, J. T. Oris, S. J. Connelly, M. H. Olson and D. L. Mitchell, Ultraviolet radiation affects invasibility of lake ecosystems by warmwater fish, Ecology, 2010, 91, 882–890.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. A. T. Banaszak and M. P. Lesser, Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on coral reef organisms, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2009, 8, 1276–1294.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. C. Ferrier-Pages, C. Richard, D. Forcioli, D. Allemand, M. Pichon and J. M. Shick, Effects of temperature and UV radiation increases on the photosynthetic efficiency in four scleractinian coral species, Biol. Bull., 2007, 213, 76–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. J. L. Torres, R. A. Armstrong, J. E. Corredor and F. Gilbes, Physiological responses of Acropora cervicornis to increased solar irradiance, Photochem. Photobiol., 2007, 83, 839–850.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. R. Reef, P. Kaniewska and O. Hoegh-Guldberg, Coral skeletons defend against ultraviolet radiation, PLoS One, 2009, 4, e7995.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. R. G. Zepp, G. C. Shank, E. Stabenau, K. W. Patterson, M. Cyterski, W. Fisher, E. Bartels and S. L. Anderson, Spatial and temporal variability of solar ultraviolet exposure of coral assemblages in the Florida Keys: Importance of colored dissolved organic matter, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2008, 53, 1909–1922.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. M. G. Barron, D. N. Vivian, S. H. Yee and D. L. Santavy, Methods to estimate solar radiation dosimetry in coral reefs using remote sensed, modeled, and in situ data, Environ. Monit. Assess., 2008, 151, 445–455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. A. M. Pruski, S. Nahon, M. L. Escande and F. Charles, Ultraviolet radiation induces structural and chromatin damage in Mediterranean sea-urchin spermatozoa, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Muta-gen., 2009, 673, 67–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. R. Bonaventura, V. Poma, R. Russo, F. Zito and V. Matranga, Effects of UV-B radiation on development and hsp70 expression in sea urchin cleavage embryos, Mar. Biol., 2006, 149, 79–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. M. D. Lamare, M. F. Barker, M. P. Lesser and C. Marshall, DNA photorepair in echinoid embryos: effects of temperature on repair rate in Antarctic and non-Antarctic species, J. Exp. Biol., 2006, 209, 5017–5028.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. M. D. Lamare, M. F. Barker and M. P. Lesser, In situ rates of DNA damage and abnormal development in Antarctic and non-Antarctic sea urchin embryos, Aquat. Biol., 2007, 1, 21–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. R. H. Krapp, T. Bassinet, J. Berge, D. M. Pampanin and L. Camus, Antioxidant responses in the polar marine sea-ice amphipod Gammarus wilkitzkii to natural and experimentally increased UV levels, Aquat. Toxicol., 2009, 94, 1–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. B. Obermuller, S. Puntarulo and D. Abele, UV-tolerance and instantaneous physiological stress responses of two Antarctic amphipod species Gondogeneia antarctica and Djerboa furcipes during exposure to UV radiation, Mar. Environ. Res., 2007, 64, 267–285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. J. Russell and N. Phillips, Species-specific vulnerability of benthic marine embryos of congeneric snails (Haminoea spp.) to ultraviolet radiation and other intertidal stressors, Biol. Bull., 2009, 217, 65–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. D. S. Ruelas, D. Karentz and J. T. Sullivan, Lethal and sub-lethal effects of UVB on juvenile Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca: Pulmonata), J. Invertebr. Pathol., 2006, 93, 192–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  265. A. B. Hadapad, N. Vijayalakshmi, R. S. Hire and T. K. Dongre, Effect of ultraviolet radiation on spore viability and mosquitocidal activity of an indigenous ISPC-8 Bacillus sphaericus Neide strain, Acta Trop., 2008, 107, 113–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Pelletier, P. Sargian, J. Payet and S. Demers, Ecotoxicological effects of combined UVB and organic contaminants in coastal waters: a review, Photochem. Photobiol., 2006, 82, 981–993.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. W. Zhou, P. Juneau and B. Qiu, Growth and photosynthetic responses of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa to elevated levels of cadmium, Chemosphere, 2006, 65, 1738–1746.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. K. Arunakumara and X. Zhang, Heavy metal bioaccumulation and toxicity with special reference to microalgae, J. Ocean Univ. China, 2008, 7, 60–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. P. Bhargava, N. Atri, A. K. Srivastava and L. C. Rai, Cadmium mitigates ultraviolet-B stress in Anabaena doliolum: enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, Biol. Plant., 2007, 51, 546–550.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. S. Otero, E. Núñez-Olivera, J. Martínez-Abaigar, R. Tomás, M. Arróniz-Crespo and N. Beaucourt, Effects of cadmium and enhanced UV radiation on the physiology and the concentration of UV-absorbing compounds of the aquatic liverwort Jungermannia exsertifolia subsp. cordifolia, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2006, 5, 760–769.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. D. R. Kashian, R. E. Zuellig, K. A. Mitchell and W. H. Clements, The cost of tolerance: sensitivity of stream benthic communities to UV-B and metals, Ecol. Appl., 2007, 17, 365–375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. M. L. Brooks, J. S. Meyer and C. J. Boese, Toxicity of copper to larval Pimephales promelas in the presence of photodegraded natural dissolved organic matter, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 2007, 64, 391–401.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. W. H. Clements, M. L. Brooks, D. R. Kashian and R. E. Zuellig, Changes in dissolved organic material determine exposure of stream benthic communities to UV-B radiation and heavy metals: implications for climate change, Global Change Biol., 2008, 14, 2201–2214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  274. E. Navarro, C. T. Robinson and R. Behra, Increased tolerance to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and cotolerance to cadmium in UVR-acclimatized freshwater periphyton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2008, 53, 1149–1158.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. I. Lehnherr and V. L. S. Louis, Importance of ultraviolet radiation in the photodemethylation of methylmercury in freshwater, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2009, 43, 5692–5698.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. J. S. Park, S. Oh, M. Y. Shin, M. K. Kim, S. M. Yi and K. D. Zoh, Seasonal variation in dissolved gaseous mercury and total mercury concentrations in Juam Reservoir, Korea, Environ. Pollut., 2008, 154, 12–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. J. L. Wollenberg and S. C. Peters, Mercury emission from a temperate lake during autumn turnover, Sci. Total Environ., 2009, 407, 2909–2918.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. E. A. Karetnikova and V. L. Rapoport, Influence of UV irradiation on microbiological degradation of petroleum products, Biol. Bull., 2008, 35, 533–535.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. D. G. Petersen and I. Dahllof, Combined effects of pyrene and UV-light on algae and bacteria in an Arctic sediment, Ecotoxicology, 2007, 16, 371–377.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. M. Barron, Sediment-associated phototoxicity to aquatic organisms, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 2007, 13, 317–321.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. W. Keller, N. D. Yan, J. M. Gunn and J. Heneberry, Recovery of acidified lakes: lessons from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, Water, Air, Soil Pollut.: Focus, 2007, 7, 317–322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. W. Keller, Limnology in northeastern Ontario: from acidification to multiple stressors, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 2009, 66, 1189–1198.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. M. A. Turner, D. L. Findlay, H. M. Baulch, L. M. Armstrong, S. E. M. Kasian, D. K. McNicol and R. D. Vinebrooke, Heavy metal bioaccumulation and toxicity with special reference to microalgae Benthic algal communities: recovery from experimental acidification, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 2009, 66, 1875–1891.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. L. J. Tranvik, J. Downing, J. B. Cotner, S. Loiselle, R. Striegl, T. J. Ballatore, P. Dillon, K. Finlay, K. Fortino, L. B. Knoll, P. L. Korelainen, T. Kutser, S. Larsen, I. Laurion, D. M. Leech, S. L. McCallister, D. McKnight, J. Melack, E. Overholt, J. A. Porter, Y. Prairie, W. Renwick, F. Roland, B. S. Sherman, D. E. Schindler, S. Sobek, A. Tremblay, M. J. Vanni, A. M. Verschoor, E. v. Wachenfeldt and G. A. Weyhenmeyer, Lakes and reservoirs as regulators of carbon cycling and climate, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2009, 54, 2298–2314.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. K. Caldeira and M. E. Wickett, Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH, Nature, 2003, 425, 365.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. H. Y. Wu, D. H. Zou and K. S. Gao, Impacts of increased atmospheric CO2 concentration on photosynthesis and growth of micro- and macro-algae, Sci. China, Ser. C: Life Sci., 2008, 51, 1144–1150.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. K. Gao, Z. Ruan, V. E. Villafañe, J. P. Gattuso and E. W. Helbling, Ocean acidification exacerbates the effect of UV radiation on the calcifying phytoplankter Emiliania huxleyi, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2009, 54, 1855–1862.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. A. Andrady, P. J. Aucamp, A. F. Bais, C. L. Ballaré, L. O. Bjorn, J. F. Bornman, M. Caldwell, A. P. Cullen, D. J. Erickson, F. R. de Gruijl, D. P. Hader, M. Ilyas, G. Kulandaivelu, H. D. Kumar, J. Longstreth, R. L. McKenzie, M. Norval, N. Paul, H. H. Redhwi, R. C. Smith, K. R. Solomon, B. Sulzberger, Y. Takizawa, X. Tang, A. H. Teramura, A. Torikai, J. C. Van Der Leun, S. R. Wilson, R. C. Worrest and R. G. Zepp, Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress report, 2008. United Nations Environment Programme, Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2009, 8, 13–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. M. Vernet, D. G. Martinson, R. Iannuzzi, S. Stammerjohn, W. Kozlowski, K. Sines, R. Smith and I. Garibottie, Primary production within the sea-ice zone west of the Antarctic Peninsula: Sea ice, summer mixed layer, and irradiance, Deep-Sea Res., Part II, 2008, 55, 2068–2085.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  290. R. M. Ross, L. B. Quetin, D. G. Martinson, R. A. Iannuzzi, S. E. Stammerjohn and R. C. Smith, Palmer LTER: Patterns of distribution of five dominant zooplankton species in the epipelagic zone west of the Antarctic Peninsula, 1993-2004, Deep-Sea Res., Part II, 2008, 55, 2086–2105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  291. H. W. Ducklow, S. C. Doney and D. K. Steinberg, Contributions of long-term research and time-series observations to marine ecology and biogeochemistry, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2009, 1, 279–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  292. A. Tanimura, S. Kawaguchi, N. Oka, J. Nishikawa, S. Toczko, K. T. Takahashi, M. Terazaki, T. Odate, M. Fukuchi and G. Hosie, Abundance and grazing impacts of krill, salps and copepods along the 140°E meridian in the Southern Ocean during summer, Antarct. Sci., 2008, 20, 365–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  293. R. J. Gonçalves, M. S. Souza, J. Aigo, B. Modenutti, E. Balseiro, V. E. Villafañe, V. Cussac and E. W. Helbling, Responses of plankton and fish from temperate zones to UVR and temperature in a context of gobal change, Ecol. Aust., 2010, 20, 129–153.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neue Str. 9, 91096, Möhrendorf, Germany

    D.-P. Häder

  2. Estación de Fotobiologia Playa Unión & CONICET, Casilla de Correo N° 15, 9103, Rawson, Chubut, Argentina

    E. W. Helbling

  3. Department of Zoology, Miami University of Ohio, 158 Pearson Hall, Oxford, Ohio, 45056, USA

    C. E. Williamson

  4. CIESIN Fellow, Columbia University, 190 Turnbull Road, New Hartford, Connecticut, 06057, USA

    R. C. Worrest

Authors
  1. D.-P. Häder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. W. Helbling
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. E. Williamson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. R. C. Worrest
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D.-P. Häder.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Häder, DP., Helbling, E.W., Williamson, C.E. et al. Effects of UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 10, 242–260 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp90036b

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp90036b

Search

Navigation