Issue 17, 2008

The palladium-catalysed copper-free Sonogashira coupling of isoindoline nitroxides: a convenient route to robust profluorescent carbon–carbon frameworks

Abstract

A series of novel acetylene-substituted isoindoline nitroxides were synthesised viapalladium-catalysed copper-free Sonogashira coupling. These results demonstrate that the Sonogashira reaction is suitable for the generation of a wide range of aryl nitroxides of expanded structural variety. The novel aryl-iodide containing nitroxide, 5-iodo-1,1,3,3-tetramethylisoindolin-2-yloxyl, 3, was a key intermediate for this coupling, giving acetylene-substituted isoindoline nitroxides in high yield. Subsequent reaction of the deprotected ethynyl nitroxide 12 with iodinated polyaromatics furnished novel aromatic nitroxides with extended-conjugation. Such nitroxides have been described as profluorescent, as their quantum yields are significantly lower than those of the corresponding diamagnetic derivatives. The quantum yields of the naphthyl- and phenanthryl-acetylene isoindoline nitroxides (13 and 14) were found to be ∼200-fold and ∼65-fold less than the non-radical methoxyamine derivatives (23 and 24). Ethyne- and butadiyne-linked nitroxide dimers could also be synthesised by this cross coupling methodology.

Graphical abstract: The palladium-catalysed copper-free Sonogashira coupling of isoindoline nitroxides: a convenient route to robust profluorescent carbon–carbon frameworks

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
24 Apr 2008
Accepted
04 Jun 2008
First published
03 Jul 2008

Org. Biomol. Chem., 2008,6, 3135-3143

The palladium-catalysed copper-free Sonogashira coupling of isoindoline nitroxides: a convenient route to robust profluorescent carbon–carbon frameworks

D. J. Keddie, K. E. Fairfull-Smith and S. E. Bottle, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2008, 6, 3135 DOI: 10.1039/B806963H

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