* Corresponding authors

^a Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Ulm 89081, Germany
E-mail: arnulf.latz@dlr.de

^b German Aerospace Center (DLR), Stuttgart 70569, Germany

^c Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
E-mail: amine@anl.gov

^d Material Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA

^e Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
E-mail: r_kostecki@lbl.gov

^f Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99354, USA

^g Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany

^h Helmholtz-Institute Münster (HI MS), IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Münster, Germany

ⁱ University of Münster, MEET Battery Research Center, Münster, Germany

^j Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

^k Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA

^l Institute for Applied Materials – Electrochemical Technologies (IAM-ET), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76021, Germany

^m Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76021, Germany

ⁿ Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99354, USA

^o Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

^p Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

^q Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA