* Corresponding authors

^a Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China

^b Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China

^c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

^d School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
E-mail: fanchunhai@sjtu.edu.cn

^e School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
E-mail: liuhuajie@tongji.edu.cn