Issue 3, 2011

Supramolecular assemblies of germanium(ii) halides with O-, S- and Se-donor macrocycles – the effects of donor atom type upon structure

Abstract

Reaction of [GeCl2(dioxane)] with [18]aneS6 (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexathiacyclooctadecane) gives the neutral [GeCl2([18]aneS6)] which forms a supramolecular sheet network involving exocyclic coordination, with the macrocycles bridging Ge atoms which are in a pseudo-trigonal bipyramidal environment from two Cl and two S atoms (saw-horse), with one lone pair assumed to occupy the remaining equatorial void. Conversely, using the mixed S/O macrocycles [18]aneS3O3 (1,4,7-trithia-10,13,16-trioxacyclooctadecane) and [15]aneS2O3 (1,4-dithia-7,10,13-trioxacyclopentadecane) (L) leads to the monocationic pentagonal pyramidal [GeCl(L)]+ whose structures show endocyclicGe coordination, and displacement of one Cl. The Ge–S and Ge–O bond lengths are surprisingly disparate in these two complexes, and in the former the coordinated Cl is axial, while in the latter it occupies the pentagonal plane (with an S atom axial). Cyclic selenoethers form one-dimensional or two-dimensional supramolecular assemblies with Ge(II) halides, including [GeCl2([8]aneSe2)] ([8]aneSe2 = 1,5-diselenacyclooctane), [(GeCl2)2([16]aneSe4)] ([16]aneSe4 = 1,5,9,13-tetraselenacyclohexadecane), [GeBr2([16]aneSe4)] and [(GeI2)2([16]aneSe4)]·GeI4 – these represent the first germanium species with selenoether ligation. Structural studies on each of these show exocyclicGeX2 coordination, giving networks based upon Se2X2 coordination at Ge(II) with a distorted pseudo-trigonal bipyramidal environment in which the Ge-based lone pair is assumed to occupy the vacant equatorial vertex. Further weak Ge⋯X contacts are also evident in some cases. The weak, secondary Ge⋯S/Se and Ge⋯X interactions that pervade these systems may be regarded as a further type of supramolecular interaction allowing assembly of new network structures, and the long I⋯I contacts evident between the GeI2 and GeI4 units in [(GeI2)2([16]aneSe4)]·GeI4 probably provide a small thermodynamic contribution leading to co-crystallisation of ordered GeI4 molecules within the network.

Graphical abstract: Supramolecular assemblies of germanium(ii) halides with O-, S- and Se-donor macrocycles – the effects of donor atom type upon structure

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
29 Jun 2010
Accepted
01 Nov 2010
First published
30 Nov 2010

Dalton Trans., 2011,40, 694-700

Supramolecular assemblies of germanium(II) halides with O-, S- and Se-donor macrocycles – the effects of donor atom type upon structure

A. L. Hector, W. Levason, G. Reid, M. Webster and W. Zhang, Dalton Trans., 2011, 40, 694 DOI: 10.1039/C0DT00749H

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