Abstract
In aqueous solution, UV irradiation of the photo-Fenton-type reagents perester 1 and N-tert-butoxypyridone 2 leads to the formation of tert-butoxyl radicals and methyl radicals as confirmed by product studies and by spin trapping with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), followed by EPR spectroscopy. The methyl radicals result from the initially released tert-butoxyl radicals through ß-cleavage, a fragmentation pathway, which dominates at lower DMPO concentrations. In the presence of 2’-deoxyguanosine (dG), both photochemical radical sources afford 8-MedG [(2.3 ± 0.3)%] and N7-MedG [(0.27 ± 0.05)%] as modified products, whereas the direct reaction of the tert-butoxyl radicals with dG cannot compete with this ß-cleavage process.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
B. Halliwell and J. M. C. Gutteridge, Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1989.
H. Sies, Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants, Academic Press, New York, 1991.
D. Harman, Aging: theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry, J. Gerontol., 1985, 11, 298–300.
R. S. Sohal, The radical hypothesis of aging: an appraisal of the current status, Aging (Milano), 1993, 5, 3–17.
K. Scharffetter-Kochanek, M. Wlaschek, P. Brenneisen, M. Schauen, R. Blaudschun and J. Wenk, UV-induced reactive oxygen species in photocarcinogenesis and photoaging, Biol. Chem., 1997, 378, 1247–1257.
W. Adam, D. Ballmaier, B. Epe, G. N. Grimm and C. R. Saha-Möller, N-Hydroxypyridinethiones as photochemical hydroxyl radical sources for oxidative DNA damage, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2156–2158.
I. Saito, M. Takayama, T. Matsuura, S. Matsugo and S. Kawanishi, Phthalimide hydroperoxides as efficient photochemical hydroxyl radical generators. A novel DNA-cleaving agent, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 883–884.
B. Epe, M. Häring, D. Ramaiah, H. Stopper, M. M. Abou-Elzahab, W. Adam and C. R. Saha-Möller, DNA damage induced by furocoumarin hydroperoxides plus UV (360 nm), Carcinogenesis, 1993, 14, 2271–2276.
W. Adam, P. Groer, K. Mielke, C. R. Saha-Möller, R. Hutterer, W. Kiefer, V. Nagel, F. W. Schneider, D. Ballmaier, B. Epe and Y. Schleger, Photochemical and photobiological studies with acridine and phenanthridine hydroperoxides in cell-free DNA, Photochem. Photobiol., 1997, 66, 26–33.
W. Adam, S. Marquardt and C. R. Saha-Möller, Oxidative DNA damage in the photolysis of N-hydroxy-2-pyridone, a specific hydroxyl-radical source, Photochem. Photobiol., 1999, 70, 287–291.
W. Adam, G. N. Grimm, C. R. Saha-Möller, F. Dall’Acqua, G. Miolo and D. Vedaldi, DNA damage by tert-butoxyl radicals generated in the photolysis of a water-soluble, DNA-binding peroxy ester acting as a radical source, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 1998, 11, 1089–1097.
W. Adam, S. Marquardt, D. Kemmer, C. R. Saha-Möller and P. Schreier, 2’-Deoxyguanosine (dG) oxidation and strand-break formation in DNA by the radicals released in the photolysis of N-tert-butoxy-2-pyridone. Are tert-butoxyl or methyl radicals responsible for the photooxidative damage in aqueous media?, Org. Lett., 2002, 4, 225–228.
W. Adam, W. G. N. Grimm, S. Marquardt and C. R. Saha-Möller, Are pyridinethiones reliable photochemical oxyl-radical sources for photobiological studies? The importance of secondary photolysis products in the guanine oxidation of 2’ deoxyguanosine and cell-free DNA, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 1179–1185.
M. Erben-Russ, C. Michel, W. Bors and M. Saran, Absolute rate constants of alkoxyl radical reactions in aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem., 1987, 91, 2362–2365.
S. Hix, M. Da Silva and O. Augusto, DNA methylation by tert-butyl hydroperoxide-iron (II), Free Radical Biol. Med., 1995, 19, 293–301.
S. Hix and O. Augusto, DNA methylation by tert-butyl hydroperoxide-iron (II): a role for the transition metal iron in the production of DNA base adducts, Chem.-Biol. Interact., 1999, 118, 141–149.
J. W. Jones and R. K. Robins, Purine Nucleosides. III. Methylation studies of certain naturally occurring purine nucleosides, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1963, 85, 193–201.
J. J. Voegel, M. M. Altdorfer and S. A. Benner, 140. The donor-acceptor purine analog: transformation of 5-aza-7-deaza-1H-isoguanine (= 4-aminoimidazo-[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one) to 2’-deoxy-5-aza-7-deaza-isoguanosine using purine nucleoside phosphorylase, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1993, 76, 2061–2069.
K. Kohda, H. Tsunomoto, Y. Minoura, K. Tanabe and S. Shibutani, Synthesis, miscoding specificity, and thermodynamic stability of oligodeoxynucleotide containing 8-methyl-2’-deoxyguanosine, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 1996, 9, 1278–1284.
M. Y. Lu, R. Bao, W. Liu and Y. Li, Water soluble dialkyl peroxides and peroxy esters, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 5341–5345.
F. F. Blicke and W. M. Lilienfeld, Basic alkyl esters of p-(aminoalkyl)benzoic acids. I, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1943, 65, 2281–2284.
W. S. Emerson and R. A. Heimsch, Some esters based on p-chloromethylbenzoyl chloride, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1950, 72, 5152–5154.
W. Bors, C. Michel and K. Stettmaier, Radical species produced from the photolytic and pulse-radiolytic degradation of tert-butyl hydroperoxide. An EPR spin trapping investigation, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1992, 1513–1517.
C. Walling and P. J. Wagner, Positive halogen compounds. X. Solvent effects in the reactions of t-butoxyl radicals, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1964, 86, 3368–3375.
D. V. Avila, C. E. Brown, K. U. Ingold and J. Lusztyk, Solvent effects on the competitive ß scission and hydrogen-atom-abstraction reactions of the cumyloxyl radical. Resolution of a long-standing problem, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 466–470.
M. Weber and H. Fischer, Absolute rate constants for the ß scission and hydrogen-abstraction reactions of the tert-butoxyl radical and for several radical rearrangements: evaluating delayed radical formations by time-resolved electron spin resonance, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 7381–7388.
S. Hix, M. B. Kadiiska, R. P. Mason and O. Augusto, In vivo metabolism of tert-butyl hydroperoxide to methyl radicals. EPR spin trapping and DNA methylation studies, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2000, 13, 1056–1064.
A. R. Katritzky, A. V. Chapman, M. Cook and G. H. Millet, Novel thermal and photochemical rearrangements of N-substituted 2-pyridones, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1979, 395–397.
A. R. Katritzky, A. V. Chapman, M. Cook and G. H. Millet, N-Oxides and related compounds. Part 60. Novel thermal and photochemical rearrangements of N-substituted 2-pyridones, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1980, 2743–2754.
O. Augusto, Alkylation and cleavage of DNA by carbon-centered radical metabolites, Free Radical Biol. Med., 1993, 15, 329–336.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Adam, W., Marquardt, S., Kemmer, D. et al. Photobiological model studies on perester and pyridone tert-butoxyl radical sources (photo-Fenton-type reagents): 2’-deoxyguanosine modification by methyl radicals generated through competitive ß-cleavage in aqueous media. Photochem Photobiol Sci 1, 609–612 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1039/b203845e
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b203845e