Abstract
Pharmacogenomics would be instrumental for the realization of personalized medicine in coming decades. Efforts are evident to clarify the potential bioethical, societal, and legal implications of key pharmacogenomics-based technologies projected to be soon introduced into the core practice of medicine. In sharp contrast, a lack of sufficient attention to educational aspects of pharmacogenomics, both for professionals and for society at large, is evident. In order to contribute to this discussion, a ‘Pharmacogenomics Education Forum’ was held on October 2, 2004 during the 3rd Annual Meeting of the International Society of Pharmacogenomics (ISP) at Santorini, Greece. The participants, members of the ISP Pharmacogenomics Education Forum, after deliberate discussions, proposed a document of ‘Background Statement’ and ‘Recommendations and Call for Action’ addressed to Deans of Education at Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Schools globally. This document has been considered by the education committee of the International Society of Pharmacogenomics and the result is presented here. We hope that this call would be listened to, and soon followed by beneficial action, ultimately leading to enhanced implementation of personalized medicine into core medical education and practice.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 6 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $43.17 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Evans WE, Relling MV . Moving towards individualized medicine with pharmacogenomics. Nature 2004; 429: 464–468.
Meyer UA . Pharmacogenetics—five decades of therapeutic lessons from genetic diversity. Nat Rev Genet 2004; 5: 669–676.
Siest G, Jeannesson E, Berrahmoune H, Maumus S, Marteau JB, Mohr S et al. Pharmacogenomics and drug response in cardiovascular disorders. Pharmacogenomics 2004; 5: 779–802.
Weinshilboum R, Wang L . Pharmacogenomics: bench to bedside. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004; 3: 739–748.
Gurwitz D, Weizman A . Personalized psychiatry: a realistic goal. Pharmacogenomics 2004; 5: 213–217.
Frueh FW, Gurwitz D . From pharmacogenetics to personalized medicine: a vital need for educating health professionals and the community. Pharmacogenomics 2004; 5: 571–579.
Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S, Green C, Scott AK, Walley TJ et al. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ 2004; 329: 15–19.
Dormann H, Criegee-Rieck M, Neubert A, Egger T, Geise A, Krebs S et al. Lack of awareness of community-acquired adverse drug reactions upon hospital admission: dimensions and consequences of a dilemma. Drug Saf 2003; 26: 353–362.
Dormann H, Neubert A, Criegee-Rieck M, Egger T, Radespiel-Troger M, Azaz-Livshits T et al. Readmissions and adverse drug reactions in internal medicine: the economic impact. J Intern Med 2004; 255: 653–663.
Roche Press Release. First chip-based test for broad diagnostic use in European Union has CE mark. September 1, 2004. http://www.roche.com/med-cor-2004-09-01.
Brockmoller J, Kirchheiner J, Schmider J, Walter S, Sachse C, Muller-Oerlinghausen B et al. The impact of the CYP2D6 polymorphism on haloperidol pharmacokinetics and on the outcome of haloperidol treatment. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 72: 438–452.
Wuttke H, Rau T, Heide R, Bergmann K, Bohm M, Weil J et al. Increased frequency of cytochrome P450 2D6 poor metabolizers among patients with metoprolol-associated adverse effects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 72: 429–437.
Kirchheiner J, Sasse J, Meineke I, Roots I, Brockmoller J . Trimipramine pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration in carriers of CYP2D6 genotypes predicting poor, extensive and ultrahigh activity. Pharmacogenetics 2003; 13: 721–728.
Kaiser R, Sezer O, Papies A, Bauer S, Schelenz C, Tremblay PB et al. Patient-tailored antiemetic treatment with 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists according to cytochrome P-450 2D6 genotypes. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 2805–2811.
Langreth R, Waldholz M . New era of personalized medicine: targeting drugs for each unique genetic profile. Oncologist 1999; 4: 426–427.
Ginsburg GS, McCarthy JJ . Personalized medicine: revolutionizing drug discovery and patient care. Trends Biotechnol 2001; 19: 491–496.
Rothstein MA, Epps PG . Ethical and legal implications of pharmacogenomics. Nat Rev Genet 2001; 2: 228–231.
Moldrup C . Ethical, social and legal implications of pharmacogenomics: a critical review. Community Genet 2001; 4: 204–214.
Lipton P . Pharmacogenetics: the ethical issues. Pharmacogenomics J 2003; 3: 14–16.
Wertz DC . Ethical, social and legal issues in pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics J 2003; 3: 194–196.
Winkelmann BR . Pharmacogenomics, genetic testing and ethnic variability: tackling the ethical questions. Pharmacogenomics 2003; 4: 531–535.
Weijer C, Miller PB . Protecting communities in pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic research. Pharmacogenomics J 2004; 4: 9–16.
van Delden J, Bolt I, Kalis A, Derijks J, Leufkens H . Tailor-made pharmacotherapy: future developments and ethical challenges in the field of pharmacogenomics. Bioethics 2004; 18: 303–321.
Webster A, Martin P, Lewis G, Smart A . Integrating pharmacogenetics into society: in search of a model. Nat Rev Genet 2004; 5: 663–669.
Breckenridge A, Lindpaintner K, Lipton P, McLeod H, Rothstein M, Wallace H . Pharmacogenetics: ethical problems and solutions. Nat Rev Genet 2004; 5: 676–680.
Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Pharmacogenetics: ethical issues. 2003. http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/pharmacog_consultation.pdf.
European Commission 2004. Ethical, legal and social aspects of genetic testing: research, development and clinical applications. European Commission Expert Group. http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/conferences/2004/genetic/pdf/report_en.pdf.
Vizirianakis IS . Pharmaceutical education in the wake of genomic technologies for drug development and personalized medicine. Eur J Pharm Sci 2002; 15: 243–250.
Brock TP, Faulkner CM, Williams DM, Smith SR . Continuing-education programs in pharmacogenomics for pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2002; 59: 722–725.
McCurdy CR . Pharmacy education: from Prescott to pharmacogenomics. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 2002; 42: 688–691.
Sansgiry SS . The future of pharmacy education: back to which basics? Pharmacotherapy 2004; 24: 688–989.
Gurwitz D, Weizman A, Rehavi M . Education: teaching pharmacogenomics to prepare future physicians and researchers for personalized medicine. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2003; 24: 122–125.
Watson RT, Suter E, Romrell LJ, Harman EM, Rooks LG, Neims AH . Moving a graveyard: how one school prepared the way for continuous curriculum renewal. Acad Med 1998; 73: 948–955.
Kirchheiner J, Brosen K, Dahl ML, Gram LF, Kasper S, Roots I et al. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype-based dose recommendations for antidepressants: a first step towards subpopulation-specific dosages. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 104: 173–192.
Kohn L, Corrigan J, Donaldson M (eds). To Err is Human. Building a Safer Health System. Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. Institute of Medicine. National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 1999. http://books.nap.edu/html/to_err_is_human/.
Auxter-Parham S . Bringing pharmacogenomic assays to market. Clin Lab News 2004; 30: 1–7.
Nebert DW, Jorge-Nebert L, Vesell ES . Pharmacogenomics and ‘individualized drug therapy’: high expectations and disappointing achievements. Am J Pharmacogenomics 2003; 3: 361–370.
Pirazzoli A, Recchia G . Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: are they still promising? Pharmacol Res 2004; 49: 357–361.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gurwitz, D., Lunshof, J., Dedoussis, G. et al. Pharmacogenomics Education: International Society of Pharmacogenomics Recommendations for Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Schools Deans of Education. Pharmacogenomics J 5, 221–225 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.tpj.6500312
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.tpj.6500312
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
Knowledge and attitudes of medical and pharmacy students about pharmacogenomics: a systematic review and meta-analysis
The Pharmacogenomics Journal (2023)
-
Perceptions of students in health and molecular life sciences regarding pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine
Human Genomics (2018)
-
Pharmacogenetics in Cardiovascular Medicine
Current Genetic Medicine Reports (2016)
-
Is There a Need to Teach Pharmacogenetics?
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2014)
-
Adoption of Pharmacogenomic Testing by US Physicians: Results of a Nationwide Survey
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2012)