Using a clever stimulus that separates local from global motion features, the authors of a new paper show that perceptual learning occurs at low cortical levels when the motion is irrelevant to the observer's task, whereas higher-level learning of the same stimulus requires attention.
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Fahle, M. Perceptual learning: gain without pain?. Nat Neurosci 5, 923–924 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1002-923
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1002-923