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Chemical safety without animals

Nature Biotechnology volume 32, pages 541–543 (2014)Cite this article

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Primary human cells provide mechanistic information for toxicology studies.

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Figure 1: Toward improved drug and chemical safety assessment without animal testing.

Debbie Maizels/Nature Publishing Group

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Carl Westmoreland and Paul L. Carmichael are at the Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK.,

    Carl Westmoreland & Paul L Carmichael

Authors
  1. Carl Westmoreland
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  2. Paul L Carmichael
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Correspondence to Carl Westmoreland or Paul L Carmichael.

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Competing interests

Both Dr. C. Westmoreland and Prof. P.L. Carmichael are employed by Unilever.

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Westmoreland, C., Carmichael, P. Chemical safety without animals. Nat Biotechnol 32, 541–543 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2922

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