Abstract
A recent association scan using a genome-wide set of nonsynonymous coding single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) conducted in four diseases including Graves' disease (GD), identified nine novel possible regions of association with GD. We used a case–control approach in an attempt to replicate association of these nine regions in an independent collection of 1578 British GD patients and 1946 matched Caucasian controls. Although none of these loci showed evidence of association with GD in the independent data set, when combined with the original Wellcome Trust Case–Control Consortium study group, minor differences in allele frequencies (P⩾10−3) remained in the combined collection of 5924 subjects for four of the nsSNPs, present within HDLBP, TEKT1, JSRP1 and UTX. An additional 29 Tag SNPs were screened within these four gene regions to determine if further associations could be detected. Similarly, minor differences only (P=0.042–0.002) were detected in two HDLBP and two TEKT1 Tag SNPs in the combined UK GD collection. In conclusion, it is unlikely that the SNPs selected in this replication study have a significant effect on the risk of GD in the United Kingdom. Our study confirms the need for large data sets and stringent analysis criteria when searching for susceptibility loci in common diseases.
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Introduction
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) including Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are common autoimmune diseases that develop as a result of environmental triggers in individuals with a genetic predisposition. Although a number of replicated genetic associations are emerging, providing insights into the underlying disease mechanisms, a significant component of the genetic contribution to AITD remains unknown.
In keeping with other common diseases, the identification of novel genetic variants conferring susceptibility has proved problematic with genome-wide linkage analysis generally proving disappointing in identifying loci for AITD.1, 2 Recent genome-wide association studies are, however, now beginning to reveal a number of novel genetic variants in many common diseases. The Wellcome Trust Case–Control Consortium (WTCCC) in the United Kingdom has recently completed two large association studies in 11 common diseases and reported a number of novel loci for most diseases.3, 4 In the smaller of the two studies, the WTCCC investigated 5500 individuals, which included 900 cases with GD, using a genome-wide set of 14 500 nonsynonymous coding single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs). Although the strongest association signal was unsurprisingly identified in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region (P value<10−20), association was also confirmed at the previously reported thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene (TSHR)5 and Fc receptor-like 3 gene (FCRL3),4, 6 with a further nine novel regions showing some evidence of association with P value⩽10−4.4 The aim of this study was to try to replicate the association identified in the nine novel regions in an independent UK collection of GD subjects and controls.
Materials and methods
Subjects
A total cohort of 2478 unrelated Caucasian GD patients of UK origin were recruited into the AITD UK National Collection as previously described.7 Control samples totaling 3446 were obtained from the 1958 British Birth cohort (http://www.b58cgene.sgul.ac.uk). The WTCCC had previously genotyped 900 GD patients and 1500 control subjects from these data sets in the 14 500 nsSNPs association scan.4 In total, therefore, a further 1578 GD patients and 1946 controls, not previously included in the WTCCC nsSNP scan, were incorporated into this replication study. All subjects gave informed written consent and the project was approved by the local research ethics committee.
nsSNP genotyping
Nine novel nsSNP associations detected outside the HLA region that met a point-wise significance level of P⩽10−4 in the original WTCCC nsSNP scan were genotyped in an independent collection of 3524 samples (see Table 1 for a list of all SNPs investigated). The FCRL and TSHR regions were not examined as association with AITD had been previously reported.4, 5, 6 A further tenth SNP, rs3748140, present within the protein phosphatase 1 regulatory inhibitor Subunit 3B gene (PPPIR38) also produced a point-wise significance level of P⩽10−4 but was excluded from further analysis as it was non-polymorphic in the replication study.
Tag SNP genotyping
To provide greater coverage in selected candidate genes in which nsSNPs showed some evidence for association in the combined WTCCC and replication data sets we also typed a number of Tag SNPs. A total of 29 Tag SNPs were selected (excluding the initially typed nsSNPs within each gene region) to take into account all remaining known common variation within HDLBP, TEKT1, JSRP1 and UTX (see Table 2 for details of Tag selection). These Tag SNPs were genotyped in the complete GD collection of 2478 samples. The control group, however, was reduced to 2690 to ensure geographical matching of cases and controls (756 controls originally used as part of the WTCCC were not screened) and referred to as the geographically matched complete group. Assays for all of the above SNPs were purchased from Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK and genotyped on an ABI7900HT using Taqman (Applied Biosystems) genotyping technologies.
Statistical analysis
All SNPs in HDLBP, TEKT and JSRP1 were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in cases and controls except rs10185319 (HDLBP) (control HWE P=0.02). As UTX was present on the X chromosome HWE was assessed in Haploview Version 3.2 (http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/haploview) and the rs6611065 SNP was shown to strongly deviate from HWE (P=8.64 × 10−15) and was excluded from further analysis. Allelic and genotypic analysis of case–control data was performed using the χ2-test within the MINITAB statistical package (MINITAB Release 15.1.2, © 1972–2007, Minitab Inc., State College, PA, USA). As UTX is located on the X chromosome these SNPs were analyzed within Haploview Version 3.2, which can analyze hemizygote males. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by the method of Woolf with Haldane's modification for small numbers where appropriate.8 Using the ORs and minor allele frequencies (MAF) generated from the WTCCC nsSNP study, power calculations have shown that the replication collection (1578 GD and 1946 controls) had between 93 and 100% power to detect the size of effect reported from the original data set (900 GD and 1500 controls) for all loci, except TEKT1.
Results
nsSNP genotyping results in the independent and complete data sets
None of the nine novel candidate nsSNPs detected within the original WTCCC study were found to be associated with GD in the independent replication collection of 1578 GD cases and 1946 controls (P=0.215–0.841) (Table 1). In the combined collection (consisting of the WTCCC and the independent replication samples, totaling 2478 GD cases and 3446 controls) no significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies of the rs10916769 (VWA5B1), rs1047911 (MRPL53), rs1048101 (ADRA1A) and rs2856966 (ADCYAP1) SNPs were observed between GD cases and controls (see Table 1). However, minor differences in genotype frequencies between GD and controls persisted for, rs7578199 (HDLBP), rs2271233 (TEKT1), rs7250822 (JSRP1) and rs2230018 (UTX) SNPs, producing ORs of 1.11 (95% CI=1.02–1.22), 0.84 (95% CI=0.73–0.96), 1.50 (95% CI=1.18–1.90) and 1.21 (95% CI=1.06–1.38), respectively. Differences in allele frequencies were also observed between GD cases and controls for rs7975069 (ZNF268) although no association between genotypes and GD was observed (P=0.060).
On the basis of the finding of weak association of, HDLBP, TEKT1, JSRP1 and UTX in the combined collection, we then subjected the remainder of these gene regions to Tag SNP screening to capture the majority of the common variation and determine if further GD associations existed within these regions.
Tag SNP genotyping results
None of the Tag SNPs for JSRP1 or UTX showed evidence of association with GD in the geographically matched combined collection of 5168 samples (2478 GD cases and 2690 controls) (Table 2). Out of 14 Tag SNPs for HDLBP; two, rs6437249 and rs11680329, showed some evidence for association with GD producing ORs of 0.91 (95% CI=0.84–0.99) and 1.11 (95% CI=1.00–1.22), respectively. From the six Tag SNPs for TEKT1; two, rs4796561 and rs4796356, also showed some evidence for association with GD producing ORs of 0.88 (95% CI=0.81–0.96) and 1.12 (95% CI=1.03–1.23). A third SNP rs8078571 showed differences in allele frequency but no evidence of genotypic association (P=0.104).
Discussion
In this study, we have failed to replicate, in an adequately powered independent data set, association of nine novel nsSNPs previously reported to be weakly associated with GD in the WTCCC nsSNP study. Although none of the original nsSNPs were found to be associated with GD in the replication study, nsSNPs in HDLBP, TEKT1, JSRP1 and UTX remained weakly associated (P<0.05) in the complete collection of 5924 UK GD cases and controls. Tag SNPs in HDLBP and TEKT1, not originally typed in the nsSNP study also provide a weak signal for association in the complete geographically matched collection.
A number of significant replicated associations have previously been reported for GD, the HLA class I and II regions,9, 10 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4),11 protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22)12, 13 and TSHR5 with ORs for the development of disease ranging from 1.50–3.00. Weaker replicated effects are also likely to be conferred by the interleukin 2 receptor alpha gene (IL2RA),14 CD4015, 16 and FCRL4 with lesser ORs of 1.10–1.30. Other loci in Caucasian subjects have been reported although findings are less consistent (thyroglobulin17, 18) or require further replication (including PTPN2 and CD22619). To help identify further susceptibility loci, large-scale genome-wide association studies (comprising >500 000 SNPs) have been conducted and are at last beginning to deliver novel susceptibility loci for a number of common diseases including the autoimmune diseases. The most comprehensive association study published in GD was conducted by the WTCCC and included 14 500 nsSNPs in 900 GD index cases and 1500 controls.4 Reassuringly, association with disease was replicated for the previously identified loci within the HLA region, FCRL3/5 and the TSHR. Other previously identified loci including CTLA-4 and PTPN22 were not detected as these genes were not covered in the nsSNP study, which used a custom-made Infinium array (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) based largely on experimentally validated nsSNPs with a MAF>1% in western European samples.4 In addition to HLA, FCRL3/5 and the TSHR, nine novel regions were also reported to be weakly associated with GD at a significance level of only P⩽10−4. The lack of replication reported in the current independent collection of GD index cases and controls vindicates the caution exercised over the interpretation of the weak associations in the original WTCCC nsSNP study.
The replication collection of UK GD cases and controls used in this study was adequately powered to detect the size of effect observed in the WTCCC nsSNP study, except TEKT1. More over for the majority of SNPs tested we had >80% power in the replication collection to detect an OR of 1.13–1.18 or higher. Clearly, however, we can not exclude smaller sized effects at these loci, which may be contributing to the overall genetic architecture of GD. Studies in other common autoimmune diseases have revealed loci conferring ORs for disease risk of <1.20 and have indicated the size of cohort required to detect such effects. In type 1 diabetes, wherein results from two different genome-wide studies both using approximately 4000 cases and controls found loci with small effects, including, for example, BACH2 and CTSH, convincing genome-wide statistical significance was only achieved when these effects were tested in 12 971 cases and controls.20
The replication and extension data presented in this study, based on 5924 samples and representing the largest GD association study to date, serve to highlight, the importance of appropriate levels of statistical significance and data interpretation. Our study also highlights the need for collaborative efforts to produce large collections of DNA for genome-wide screening and replication in common diseases such as GD in which individual susceptibility loci are likely to be exerting small effects.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all patients, nurses and doctors for recruiting into the AITD National Collection. We wish to acknowledge the WTCCC and the Wellcome Trust for funding. We acknowledge use of DNA from the British 1958 Birth Cohort Collection, funded by the Medical Research Council grant G0000934 and the Wellcome Trust grant 068545/Z/02.
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Appendix
Appendix
Membership of WTCCC
Membership of the Wellcome Trust Case–Control Consortium (WTCCC)
Management Committee: Paul R Burton1, David G Clayton2, Lon R Cardon3, Nick Craddock4, Panos Deloukas5, Audrey Duncanson6, Dominic P Kwiatkowski3,5, Mark I McCarthy3,7, Willem H Ouwehand8,9, Nilesh J Samani10, John A Todd2, Peter Donnelly (Chair)11
Analysis Committee: Jeffrey C Barrett3, Paul R Burton1, Dan Davison11, Peter Donnelly11, Doug Easton12, David Evans3, Hin-Tak Leung2, Jonathan L Marchini11, Andrew P Morris3, I CA Spencer11, Martin D Tobin1, Lon R Cardon (co-chair)3, David G Clayton (co-chair)2
UK Blood Services and University of Cambridge Controls: Antony P Attwood5,8, James P Boorman8,9, Barbara Cant8, Ursula Everson13, Judith M Hussey14, Jennifer D Jolley8, Alexandra S Knight8, Kerstin Koch8, Elizabeth Meech15, Sarah Nutland2, Christopher V Prowse16, Helen E Stevens2, Niall C Taylor8, Graham R Walters17, Neil M Walker2, Nicholas A Watkins8,9, Thilo Winzer8, John A Todd2, Willem H Ouwehand8,9
1958 Birth Cohort Controls: Richard W Jones18, Wendy L McArdle18, Susan M Ring18, David P Strachan19, Marcus Pembrey18,20
Bipolar Disorder: Aberdeen – Gerome Breen21, David St Clair21; Birmingham – Sian Caesar22, Katherine Gordon-Smith22,23, Lisa Jones22; Cardiff – Christine Fraser23, Elaine K Green23, Detelina Grozeva23, Marian L Hamshere23, Peter A Holmans23, Ian R Jones23, George Kirov23, Valentina Moskvina23, Ivan Nikolov23, Michael C O'Donovan23, Michael J Owen23, Nick Craddock23; London – David A Collier24, Amanda Elkin24, Anne Farmer24, Richard Williamson24, Peter McGuffin24; Newcastle – Allan H Young25, I Nicol Ferrier25
Coronary Artery Disease: Leeds – Stephen G Ball26, Anthony J Balmforth26, Jennifer H Barrett26, D Timothy Bishop26, Mark M Iles26, Azhar Maqbool26, Nadira Yuldasheva26, Alistair S Hall26; Leicester – Peter S Braund10, Paul R Burton1, Richard J Dixon10, Massimo Mangino10, Suzanne Stevens10, Martin D Tobin1, John R Thompson1, Nilesh J Samani10
Crohn's Disease: Cambridge – Francesca Bredin27, Mark Tremelling27, Miles Parkes27; Edinburgh – Hazel Drummond28, Charles W Lees28, Elaine R Nimmo28, Jack Satsangi28; London – Sheila A Fisher29, Alastair Forbes30, Cathryn M Lewis29, Clive M Onnie29, Natalie J Prescott29, Jeremy Sanderson31, Christopher G Mathew29; Newcastle – Jamie Barbour32, M Khalid Mohiuddin32, Catherine E Todhunter32, John C Mansfield32; Oxford – Tariq Ahmad33, Fraser R Cummings33, Derek P Jewell33
Hypertension: Aberdeen – John Webster34; Cambridge – Morris J Brown35, David G Clayton2; Evry, France – G Mark Lathrop36; Glasgow – John Connell37, Anna Dominiczak37; Leicester – Nilesh J Samani10; London – Carolina A Braga Marcano38, Beverley Burke38, Richard Dobson38, Johannie Gungadoo38, Kate L Lee38, Patricia B Munroe38, Stephen J Newhouse38, Abiodun Onipinla38, I Wallace38, Mingzhan Xue38, Mark Caulfield38; Oxford – Martin Farrall39
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Anne Barton40, The Biologics in RA Genetics and Genomics Study Syndicate (BRAGGS) Steering Committee, Ian N Bruce40, Hannah Donovan40, Steve Eyre40, Paul D Gilbert40, Samantha L Hider40, Anne M Hinks40, Sally L John40, Catherine Potter40, Alan J Silman40, Deborah PM Symmons40, Wendy Thomson40, Jane Worthington40
Type 1 Diabetes: David G Clayton2, David B Dunger2,41, Sarah Nutland2, Helen E Stevens2, Neil M Walker2, Barry Widmer2,41, John A Todd2
Type 2 Diabetes: Exeter – Timothy M Frayling42,43, Rachel M Freathy42,43, Hana Lango42,43, John R B Perry42,43, Beverley M Shields43, Michael N Weedon42,43, Andrew T Hattersley42,43; London – Graham A Hitman44; Newcastle – Mark Walker45; Oxford – Kate S Elliott3,7, Christopher J Groves7, Cecilia M Lindgren3,7, Nigel W Rayner3,7, Nicholas J Timpson3,46, Eleftheria Zeggini3,7, Mark I McCarthy3,7
Tuberculosis: Gambia – Melanie Newport47, Giorgio Sirugo47; Oxford – Emily Lyons3, Fredrik Vannberg3, Adrian VS Hill3
Ankylosing Spondylitis: Linda A Bradbury48, Claire Farrar49, Jennifer J Pointon48, Paul Wordsworth49, Matthew A Brown48,49
AutoImmune Thyroid Disease: Jayne A Franklyn50, Joanne M Heward50, Matthew J Simmonds50, Stephen CL Gough50
Breast Cancer: Sheila Seal51, Breast Cancer Susceptibility Collaboration (UK)*, Michael R Stratton51,52, Nazneen Rahman51
Multiple Sclerosis: Maria Ban53, An Goris53, Stephen J Sawcer53, Alastair Compston53
Gambian Controls: Gambia – David Conway47, Muminatou Jallow47, Melanie Newport47, Giorgio Sirugo47; Oxford – Kirk A Rockett3, Dominic P Kwiatkowski3,5
DNA, Genotyping, Data QC and Informatics: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton – Claire Bryan5, Suzannah J Bumpstead5, Amy Chaney5, Kate Downes2,5, Jilur Ghori5, Rhian Gwilliam5, Sarah E Hunt5, Michael Inouye5, Andrew Keniry5, Emma King5, Ralph McGinnis5, Simon Potter5, Rathi Ravindrarajah5, Pamela Whittaker5, David Withers5, Panos Deloukas5; Cambridge – Hin-Tak Leung2, Sarah Nutland2, Helen E Stevens2, Neil M Walker2, John A Todd2
Statistics: Cambridge – Doug Easton12, David G Clayton2; Leicester – Paul R Burton1, Martin D Tobin1; Oxford – Jeffrey C Barrett3, David Evans3, Andrew P Morris3, Lon R Cardon3; Oxford – Niall J Cardin11, Dan Davison11, Teresa Ferreira11, Joanne Pereira-Gale11, Ingeleif B Hallgrimsdóttir11, Bryan N Howie11, Jonathan L Marchini11, I CA Spencer11, Zhan Su11, Yik Ying Teo3,11, Damjan Vukcevic11, Peter Donnelly11
PIs: David Bentley5,54, Matthew A Brown48,49, Lon R Cardon3, Mark Caulfield38, David G Clayton2, Alistair Compston53, Nick Craddock23, Panos Deloukas5, Peter Donnelly11, Martin Farrall39, Stephen CL Gough50, Alistair S Hall26, Andrew T Hattersley42,43, Adrian VS Hill3, Dominic P Kwiatkowski3,5, Christopher G Mathew29, Mark I McCarthy3,7, Willem H Ouwehand8,9, Miles Parkes27, Marcus Pembrey18,20, Nazneen Rahman51, Nilesh J Samani10, Michael R Stratton51,52, John A Todd2, Jane Worthington40
1Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Adrian Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; 2Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; 3Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; 4Department of Psychological Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; 5The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK; 6The Wellcome Trust, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK; 7Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK; 8Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 2PT, UK; 9National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 2PT, UK; 10Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK; 11Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK; 12Cancer Research UK Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK;13National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Sheffield Centre, Longley Lane, Sheffield S5 7JN, UK; 14National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Brentwood Centre, Crescent Drive, Brentwood CM15 8DP, UK; 15The Welsh Blood Service, Ely Valley Road, Talbot Green, Pontyclun CF72 9WB, UK; 16The Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh EH17 7QT, UK; 17National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Southampton Centre, Coxford Road, Southampton SO16 5AF, UK; 18Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK; 19Division of Community Health Services, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK; 20Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK; 21University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; 22Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Birmingham University, Birmingham B15 2QZ, UK; 23Department of Psychological Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; 24King's College London, SGDP, The Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park Denmark Hill London SE5 8AF, UK; 25School of Neurology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK; 26Faculty of Medicine and Health, LIGHT and LIMM Research Institutes, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK; 27IBD Research Group, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK; 28Gastrointestinal Unit, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; 29King's College London School of Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, 8th Floor Guy's Tower, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; 30Institute for Digestive Diseases, University College London Hospitals Trust, London NW1 2BU, UK; 31Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK; 32Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK; 33Gastroenterology Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK; 34Medicine and Therapeutics, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Grampian AB9 2ZB, UK; 35Clinical Pharmacology Unit and the Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK; 36Centre National de Genotypage, 2, Rue Gaston Cremieux, Evry, Paris 91057; 37BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; 38Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; 39Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; 40arc Epidemiology Research Unit, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; 41Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK; 42Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Magdalen Road, Exeter EX1 2LU UK; 43Diabetes Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DU UK; 44Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Barts and The London, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB UK; 45Diabetes Research Group, School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; 46The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Bristol University, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Rd, Bristol BS2 8PR, UK; 47MRC Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia; 48Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia; 49Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; 50Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; 51Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5 NG, UK; 52Cancer Genome Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK; 53Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK; 54PRESENT ADDRESS: Illumina Cambridge, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Nr Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, UK.
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Newby, P., Pickles, O., Mazumdar, S. et al. Follow-up of potential novel Graves' disease susceptibility loci, identified in the UK WTCCC genome-wide nonsynonymous SNP study. Eur J Hum Genet 18, 1021–1026 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2010.55
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2010.55
