Reliability and Validity of the Greek Version of the STAIC
Abstract
Summary: This study describes the adaptation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC; Spielberger, Edwards, Lushene, Montuori, & Platzek, 1973) to the Greek population. It was hypothesized that the STAIC would be able to measure children's state-trait anxiety levels. In the initial phase, a sample of 100 children, aged 9-12 years, was used in order to shape the final form of the inventory. In the final phase, two different samples (N = 875), aged 9-12 years, were used to test the validity and reliability of the inventory, using exploratory (Sample A; n = 425) and confirmatory (Sample B; n = 450) factor analyses. The results indicated that both scales possessed an acceptable internal consistency and reliability. The factor analysis in the total of the items indicated three factors, that is “absence of state anxiety,” “presence of state anxiety,” and “trait anxiety.” Also, confirmatory factor analysis (AMOS; Arbuckle, 1997) verified three factors. It is therefore concluded that the scales have a multifactorial structure and can be used among the Greek population to examine children's state and trait anxiety levels.
References
Alpert-Gillis, L.J. (1990). Anxiety and depression in young children of divorce.. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(1), 26– 32Arbuckle, J.L. (1997). Amos user's guide: Version 3.6. . Chicago, IL: Small Waters Corporation.Bahrke, M.S., Smith, R.G. (1985). Alterations in anxiety of children after exercise and rest.. American Corrective Therapy Journal, 39(4), 90– 94Bauermeister, J.J. Colon-Fumero, O. Villamil-Forastieri, B., Spielberger, C.D. (1986). Reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Puerto Rican and Panamanian children.. Revista Interamericana de Psicologia, 20(1-2), 1– 19Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models.. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238– 246Brook, R.M., Knapp, P. (1976). Effects of residential evaluation and rehabilitation placement on children's State-Trait Anxiety.. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32(1), 57– 59Cattell, R.B. (1966). The Scree test for the number of factors.. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245– 276Cross, R.W., Huberty, T.J. (1993). Factor analysis of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for children with a sample of seventh- and eighth-grade students.. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 11(3), 232– 241Day, R.C. Knight, C.W. El-Nakadi, L., Spielberger, C.D. (1986). Development of an Arabic adaptation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for children.. In C.D. Spielberger & R. Diaz-Guerrero (Eds.), Cross-cultural anxiety. The series in clinical and community psychology (Vol.3, pp.113-123). Washington: Corp/Harper & Row.Dorr, D. (1981). Factor structure of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for children.. Personality and Individual Differences, 2, 113– 117Finch, A.J. Blount, R.L. Saylor, C.F., Wolfe, V.V. (1988). Intelligence and emotional behavioral factors as correlates of achievement in child psychiatric inpatients.. Psychological Reports, 63(1), 163– 170Finch, A.J. Kendall, P.C., Montgomery, L.E. (1976). Qualitative difference in the experience of state-trait anxiety in emotionally disturbed and normal children.. Journal of Personality Assessment, 40(5), 522– 530Fisher, B.L. Allen, R., Kose, G. (1996). The relationship between anxiety and problem-solving skills in children with and without learning disabilities.. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 29, 439– 446Gaudry, E., Poole, C. (1975). A Further validation of the State-Trait distinction in anxiety research.. Australian Journal of Psychology, 27, 119– 125Hatfield, E. Brinton, C., Cornelius, J. (1989). Passionate love and anxiety in young adolescents.. Motivation and Emotion, 13, 271– 289Hedl, J.J., Papay, J.P. (1982). The factor structure of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for children: Kindergarten through the fourth grades.. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 439– 446Hodges, K. (1990). Depression and anxiety in children: A comparison of Self-report Questionnaire to Clinical Interview.. Psychological Assessment, 2, 376– 381Houston, B.K. Fox, J.E., Forbes, L. (1984). Trait Anxiety and Children's State Anxiety, cognitive behaviors, and performance under stress.. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8, 631– 641Kane, M.T., Kendal, P.C. (1989). Anxiety disorders in children: A multiple-baseline evaluation of a cognitive behavioral treatment.. Behavior Therapy, 20, 499– 508Lewis, H.W. (1984). A structured group-counseling program for reading disabled elementary students.. School Counselor, 31, 454– 459Liakos, A., Yannitsi, S. (1984). Reliability and validity of the modified Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in Greek population.. Egefalos, 21, 71– 76Matthews, D.B., Odom, B.L. (1989). Anxiety: A component of self-esteem.. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 24, 153– 159Morris, L. Davis, M., Hutchings, H. (1981). Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature review and a revised worry-emotionality scale.. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 541– 555Nunn, G.D. (1988). Concurrent validity between the Nowiski-Strickland Locus of Control Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for children.. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 435– 438Nunn, G.D. Parish, T.S., Worthing, R.J. (1983). Concurrent validity of the Personal Attribute Inventory for children with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for children and the Behavior Rating Profile-Student Scales.. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 43, 639– 643Papay, J.P. Costello, R.J., Hedl, J.J. (1975). Effects of trait and state anxiety on the performance of elementary school children in traditional and individualized multiage classrooms.. Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 840– 846Ragan, L., Hiebert, B. (1987). Kiddie QR (quieting reflex): Field-testing a relaxation program for young children.. School-Counselor, 34, 273– 281Reynolds, C.R. (1980). Concurrent validity of what i think and feel: The revised children's Manifest Anxiety Scale.. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 774– 775Silverman, W.K. Fleisig, W. Rabian, B., Peterson, R.A. (1991). Child Anxiety Sensitivity Index.. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 162– 168Soga, S. (1983). A study on standardization of Japanese version of the STAIC.. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 54, 215– 221Spielberger, C.D. (1966). Theory and research on anxiety.. In C.D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety and behavior (pp.3-20). New York: Academic Press.Spielberger, C.D. (1983). State-trait anxiety and sports psychology.. In E. Apitzsch (Ed.), Anxiety in sport (pp.74-85). Magglingen, Sweden: FEPSAC.Spielberger, C.D. Gorsuch, R.L., Lushere, R.E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Form X. . Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Spielberger, C.D. Edwards, C.D. Lushene, R.E. Montuori, J., Platzek, D. (1973). Preliminary manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. . Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.