Abstract
Abstract We investigated the effects of a serial presentation of short emotional stimuli on facial EMG, mood and autonomic functioning including total respiratory resistance (TRR). Twenty asthmatic and 20 nonasthmatic subjects viewed series of happy and depressing pictures and Velten statements. Each series consisted of nine affectively homogeneous stimuli plus one neutral stimulus. During prestimulus, presentation and imagination intervals of each stimulus presentation, heart period (HP) and EMG activity over corrugator supercilii, orbicularis oculi and zygomaticus major muscle sites were recorded. Each series was followed by 1 min measurements of TRR, HP, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, ventilation, and mood. Each stimulus was rated with respect to pleasure and arousal. Successive increases of corrugator EMG were observed throughout the series of depressing and happy stimuli. These gradients were comparable for prestimulus, presentation or imagination intervals, thus yielding no evidence for response habituation or sensitization. Other muscle sites showed only negligible EMG gradients, while HP revealed successive shortening over each stimulus series. Marginal evidence was found to support the suggestion that successive corrugator increases affected mood and stimulus evaluations. Subjects with significant positive corrugator EMG gradients throughout depressing pictures revealed significantly lower TRR following the stimulus series. The observed changes in HP and TRR are compatible with an economical model of autonomic-somatic coupling.
References
Alexander, F. (1950). Psychosomatic medicine. Its principles and applications . New York: Norton .Barnes, P.J. (1986). Neural control of human airways in health and disease. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 134, 1289– 1314 .Berntson, G.G. , Cacioppo, J.T. , Quigley, K.S. (1995). The metrics of cardiac chronotropism: Biometric perspectives. Psychophysiology, 32, 162– 171 .Bradley, M.M. , Cuthbert, B.N. , Lang, P.J. (1996). Picture media and emotion: Effects of a sustained affective context. Psychophysiology, 33, 662– 670 .Darwin, C. (1964). Expression of emotions in man and animals . London: Albemarle (first published in 1872) .de Jong-Meyer, R. , Hubert, W. , Ostkamp-Hovekamp, G. , Vennen, J. (1993). Bodily sensations, facial EMG, and autonomic changes in the course of prolonged emotional imagery. Journal of Psychophysiology, 7, 34– 45 .Duggan, C.J. , Chan, J. , Whelan, A.J. , Berend, N. (1990). Bronchodilation induced by deep breaths in relation to transpulmonary pressure and lung volume. Thorax, 45, 930– 934 .Eckberg, D.L. (1983). Human sinus arrhythmia as an index of vagal cardiac outflow. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory and Environmental Exercise Physiology, 54, 961– 966 .Ekman, P. , Davidson, R.J. , Friesen, W.V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology II. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 342– 353 .Fiorito, E.R. , Simons, R.F. (1994). Emotional imagery and physical anhedonia. Psychophysiology, 31, 513– 521 .Flemming-Schneider, M. (1985). Entwicklung eines Schätzverfahrens zur quantitativen Analyse von Stimmungen im Tagesverlauf . Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Hamburg .Florin, I. , Fiegenbaum, W. , Hermanns, J. , Winter, H. , Schöbinger, R. , Jenkins, M. (1993). Emotional expressiveness, physiological reactivity and mother-child interaction with asthmatic children. In H.C. Traue & J.W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Emotion, inhibition and health (pp. 179-196). Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber .Franetzki, M. , Prestele, K. , Korn, V. (1979). A direct-display oscillation method for measurement of respiratory impedance. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory and Environmental Exercise Physiology, 46, 956– 965 .Fridlund, A.J. (1994). Human facial expression. An evolutionary view . San Diego: Academic Press .Fridlund, A.J. , Cacioppo, J.T. (1986). Guidelines for human electromyographic research. Psychophysiology, 23, 567– 589 .Fridlund, A.J. , Schwartz, G.E. , Fowler, S.C. (1984). Pattern recognition of self-reported emotional state from multiple-site facial EMG activity during affective imagery. Psychophysiology, 21, 622– 637 .Frijda, N.H. (1986). The emotions . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .Gerrards-Hesse, A. , Spies, K. , Hesse, F.W. (1994). Experimental inductions of emotional states and their effectiveness: A review. British Journal of Psychology, 85, 55– 78 .Glaus, K.D. , Kotses, H. (1983). Facial muscle tension influences lung airway resistance: limb muscle tension does not. Biological Psychology, 17, 105– 120 .Greenwald, M.K. , Cook, E.W. , Lang, P.J. (1989). Affective judgement and psychophysiological response: Dimensional covariation in the evaluation of pictorial stimuli. Journal of Psychophysiology, 3, 51– 64 .Grossman, P. , Karemaker, J. , Wieling, W. (1991). Prediction of tonic parasympathetic cardiac control using respiratory sinus arrhythmia: The need for respiratory control. Psychophysiology, 28, 201– 216 .Groves, P.M. , Thompson, R.F. (1970). Habituation: A dual-process theory. Psychological Review, 77, 419– 450 .Helletzgruber, M. , Kummer, F. , Dorda, W. (1978). Vergleichsmessungen von oszillatorisch und plethysmographisch gemessenen Atemwiderständen. Praxis der Pneumologie, 32, 578– 583 .Hirsch, J.A. , Bishop, B. (1981). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in humans: How breathing pattern modulates heart rate. American Journal of Physiology, 241, H620– H629 .Hodes, R.L. , Cook III, E.W. , Lang, P.J. (1985). Individual differences in autonomic response: Conditioned association or conditioned fear?. Psychophysiology, 22, 545– 557 .Hodges, J.L. , Lehmann, E.L. (1962). Rank methods for combination of independent experiments in analysis of variance. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 33, 482– 497 .Jäncke, L. (1992). EMG-Reaktionen mimischer Muskeln nach wiederholter Darbietung von Bildern mit positiver, negativer und neutraler Valenz. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 39, 434– 454 .Jäncke, L. (1994). An EMG investigation of the coactivation of facial muscles during the presentation of affect-laden stimuli. Journal of Psychophysiology, 8, 1– 10 .Kagawa, J. , Kerr, H.D. (1970). Effects of brief graded exercise on specific airway conductance in normal subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology, 28, 138– 144 .Kaufman, M.P. , Rybicki, K.J. , Mitchell, J.H. (1985). Hindlimb muscular contraction reflexly decreases total pulmonary resistance in dogs. Journal of Applied Physiology, 59, 1521– 1526 .Kotses, H. , Glaus, K.D. , Bricel, S.K. , Edwards, J.E. , Crawford, P.L. (1978). Operant muscular relaxation and peak expiratory flow rate in asthmatic children. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 22, 17– 23 .Kotses, H. , Miller, D.J. (1987). The effect of changes in facial muscle tension on respiratory resistance. Biological Psychology, 25, 211– 219 .Lang, P.J. (1977). Imagery in therapy: An information processing analysis of fear. Behavioral Therapy, 8, 862– 886 .Lang, P.J. , Greenwald, M.K. , Bradley, M.M. , Hamm, A.O. (1993). Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30, 261– 273 .Lang, P.J. , Öhman, A. , Vaitl, D. (1988). The international affective picture system [photographic slides]. Gainsville, FL: The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida .Lehrer, P.M. , Isenberg, S. , Hochron, S.M. (1993). Asthma and emotion: A review. Journal of Asthma, 30, 5– 21 .Mansfield, L. , McDonnell, J. , Morgan, W. , Souhrada, J.F. (1979). Airway response in asthmatic children during and after exercise. Respiration, 38, 135– 143 .Martin, M. (1990). On the induction of emotion. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 669– 697 .Maß, R. , Harden, H. , Leplow, B. , Wessel, M. , Richter, R. , Dahme, B. (1991). A device for functional residual capacity controlled biofeedback of respiratory resistance. Biomedizinische Technik - Biomedical Engineering, 36, 79– 85 .Mecklenbräuker, S. , Hager, W. (1986). Zur experimentellen Variation von Stimmungen: Ein Vergleich einer deutschen Adaptation der selbstbezogenen Velten-Aussagen mit einem Musikverfahren. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 33, 71– 94 .Milic-Emili, J. (1982). Recent advances in clinical assessment of control of breathing. Lung, 160, 1– 17 .Nadel, J.A. , Tierney, D.F. (1961). Effect of a previous deep inspiration on airway resistance in man. Journal of Applied Physiology, 16, 717– 719 .Obrist, P.A. (1982). Cardiac-behavioral interaction: A critical appraisal. In J.T. Cacioppo & R.E. Petty (Eds.), Focus on cardiovascular psychophysiology (pp. 265-295). New York: Guilford Press .Ortony, A. , Clore, G.L. (1989). Emotions, moods, and conscious awareness. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 125– 137 .Passchier, J. , Van der Helm-Hylkema, H. (1981). The effects of stress imagery on arousal and its implications for biofeedback of the frontalis muscles. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 6, 295– 303 .Patrick, C.J. , Bradley, M.M. , Lang, P.J. (1993). Emotion in the criminal psychopath: Startle reflex modulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 82– 92 .Purcell, K. (1963). Distinction between subgroups of asthmatic children: Children's perceptions of events associated with asthma. Pediatrics, 31, 486– 494 .Ritz, T. , Claussen, C. , Dahme, B. (1998). Experimentally induced emotions, facial muscle activity, and respiratory resistance in asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects . Manuscript under review .Ritz, T. , Dahme, B. , Wagner, C. (1998). Effects of static forehead and forearm muscle activity on total respiratory resistance in healthy and asthmatic participants. Psychophysiology, 35, 549– 562 .Ritz, T. , Maß, R. , Dahme, B. , Richter, R. (1995). Does facial muscle tension alter respiratory resistance? The “fronto-pulmonary reflex” re-examined. Journal of Psychophysiology, 9, 1– 14 .Ritz, T. , Wagner, C. , Dahme, B. (1996). A paced breathing procedure for inter- and intraindividual estimation of cardiac vagal tone. Psychophysiology, 33, S72– (Abstract) .Schumacher, A. , Schwarz, N. (1984). Selbstbezogene Aussagen zur Induktion von Stimmungen - eine deutsche Adaptation der selbstbezogenen Velten-Statements . Presentation at the “26. Tagung experimentell arbeitender Psychologen” in Nürnberg, Germany .Sirota, A. D. , Kristeller, J.L. , Schwartz, G.E. (1987). Facial muscle activity during induced mood states: Differential growth and carry-over effects of elated versus depressed patterns. Psychophysiology, 24, 691– 699 .Sirota, A. D. , Schwartz, G.E. (1982). Facial muscle patterning and lateralization during elation and depression imagery. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 25– 34 .Van Boxtel, A. (1998). The functionality of certain types of expressive motor activities for emotion, cognition, and health: A neuropharmacological hypothesis. In A.J.J.M. Vingerhoets, F.J.J. van Bussel, & A.J.W. Boelhouwer (Eds.), The (non)expression of emotions in health and disease (pp. 75-85). Tilburg: Tilburg University Press .Van Boxtel, A. , Jessurun, M. (1993). Amplitude and bilateral coherency of facial and jaw-elevator EMG activity as an index of effort during a two-choice serial reaction task. Psychophysiology, 30, 589– 604 .Velten, E. (1968). A laboratory task for induction of mood states. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 473– 482 .Vrana, S.R. (1993). The psychophysiology of disgust: Differentiating negative emtional contexts with facial EMG. Psychophysiology, 30, 279– 286 .Vrana, S.R. , Cuthbert, B.N. , Lang, P.J. (1989). Processing fearful and neutral sentences: Memory and heart rate change. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 179– 195 .Warren, J.B. , Jennings, S.J. , Clark, T.J.H. (1984). Effect of adrenergic and vagal blockade on normal human airway response to exercise. Clinical Science, 66, 79– 85 .
